Psychological Foundation of Education

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the urban eye of Manila) Gen. Luna St. Intramuros, Manila Graduate School of Arts, Sciences and Education Course Code and entitleFoundation of Education TitlePsychological Foundation ProfessorDr. Ofelia D. Lazarte find outMarch 8, 2008 Teaching and erudition are complex processes that bring great deal together. While teaching consist of behaviors are practiced by the instructor to facilitate and study of the individual, study implies a relatively permanent alternate in behavior potentiality resulting from maturation and experience.Teaching and teaching are some(prenominal) psychological processes. They are the main concerns of the teacher since knowledge is the ultimate character of teaching. The teacher who has a knowledge of the theories and principles of human development specifically dexterous development can design learning activities appropriate learner and testament promote effective learning. The educative proces s has three components namely, the learner who is the center of the educative process in a school, the teachers who provides needed learning opportunities ands pass away learners, and the learning process undertaken to achieve the desired outcomes. in that location are two command factors that affect the human development heredity and environment. Heredity and environment co-occurrence and supplement each other in every phase of ingathering and development. In the life span of human beings, there are stages of development based on the chronological age of individuals. These are prenatal period, early childhood or babyhood, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age and senile age. Corresponding to each stage are certain characteristics and social expectations termed developmental tasks.Several theories of development were formulated by psychologists to explain behavioral changes at different stages of development. The five theories of developmen t are Piagets system of cognitive development, Vygotskys theory of development, Eriksons psychological theory of development, Freuds psychoanalytic theory and Kohlbergs theory of moral development. For successful teaching, educators should record variations among individuals. They show physical, intellectual, and behavioral differences.Learning is the acquisition through maturation and experience of cutting and more knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will enable the learner to make better and more adequate reactions, responses, and adjustments to new situations and conditions. An understanding of the nature of learning and the conditions under which learning takes place is very important to the teacher. There are three types of learning Cognitive learning which pertains to the acquisition of knowledge, facts and information, principles, ideas, concepts, understanding, reasoning.Affective learning which involves the process of acquiring corking attitudes ideas, judgment and v alues and Psychomotor learning which involves the use of the muscles in corporal movement. Learning theories are classified as behavioral learning theories and cognitive learning theories. Among the behavioral theories are Thorndikes connectionism Skinners operant condition Pavlovs classical conditioning and Albert Banduras social learning theories. Cognitive theories of learning emphasize the concept that learning is a process of discovering and understanding relationships.Among the cognitive theories are Kurt Lewins field theory, Kohlers cortical potential theory, Ausebelss meaningful learning theory, Bruners cognitive theory, and information-processing theories. The teacher is the key factor in the classroom learning situation. She performs varied roles as model, manager, counselor, facilitator and evaluator of learning. Motivation is the process of arousing and sustaining interest in activity in order to achieve a goal. There are two kinds of need intrinsic and extrinsic moti vation. intrinsical is an internal stimulus that arouses one to action while extrinsic motivation is an external stimulus to action.It comes in the form of praise, high grades, medals, incentives, etc. There are various theories of motivation related to learning. A well-known theory of motivation is by Abraham Maslow. Other motivation theories are David McClellands need performance theory and attribution theory. Communication is also very important in the learning situation. In the classroom, different patterns of classroom interaction are adoptive by the teacher and students ensure effective learning. Knowing and understanding learning styles will enables the teacher to design strategies and methods of teaching that will match innovation of learning styles among pupils.