The Concept Of Marriage In Sikhism Religion Essay

The Concept Of coupling In Sikhism Religion analyseSikh is a Punjabi word that means in the Punjabi language is disciple. fit to a nonher school of thought, the word Sikh derives from Seekh which means learner. Sikhs atomic number 18 the disciples of idol who follow the writings and t apieceings of the Ten Sikh Gurus. The wisdom of these teachings in Sri Guru Granth Sahib is pragmatical and universal in their appeal to e real mankind.A Sikh is slightly(prenominal) person whose religion consists of belief in One God, the ten Sikh Gurus, the Guru Granth Sahib and other scriptures and teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Mean turn, he or she must believe in the necessity and spl stop overour of Amrit, the Sikh baptism.harmonize to Sikh code of beam Rahit Maryd A Sikh is either person whose faith consists of belief in wiz God, the ten Gurus, the Guru Granth Sahib and other scriptures of the Sikh religion. to boot he or she must believe in the necessity and importance of amrit (the Sikh baptism service.)1The religion was founded by Guru Nanak who was born in 1469 and began in the Punjab, the hurrying ingredient of the Indus Valley at the beginning of the 16th Century CE. When India and Pakistan became independent, this contri saveion which is the historic homeland of the Sikhs has been divided in two. Lahore, the ancient capital of the Sikhs, is direct in Pakistan, while Amritsar, the site of the most famous and important Sikh holy building the Harimandir (Golden Temple), is in India.By the time, the last of the ten aliveness gurus (Gobind Singh) died in 1708, Sikhism had developed a clear and separate identity, as the term of nine gurus who followed Guru Nanak each made contributions to and refined the tradition. The tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, decreed that his re proposement should be Siri Guru Granth Sahib ji, the collection of holy writings of the Sikhs.The Akali and Singh Saba movement propagated the Sikh beliefs and rituals. These movements crimp all Hindu custom from Sikh comm whizz. They realized the problem and significance of Sikh Identity. These movements feed popular Anand nuptials sacrament.2 nuptials wedding party is named distinctly in different husbandrys and at different places. It is called wedding, Shadi, Viyah or Nikah. This ceremony is called Anand Karaj in Sikhism. wedlock is the voluntary union for life sentence of unmatched man and one woman, to the exclusion of all othersIn other words conjugation is an act of winning girl as hook up with woman by her married man from the house of her father-mother. Marriage is the central, cardinal grounding of natural society.3Further, the basic unit of society is the family, not the individual, it starts the reproductive cycle of human life. Marriage is an institution in which a mating gets friendly approval and the pairing of men and women argon regulated. all told known societies straight off, have the custom of trades union. Marriage is an esse ntial ingredient of either society, and it is just like as religion in the society.Marriage and the family changes from place to place, religion to religion, caste to caste, tribe to tribe and more thanover from time to time. So it is really a hard task to find out a universal definition of nuptials. Some of the definitions of man and wife focus upon licit aspects of marriage, while others center upon the social aspects of marriage but in almost all definitions of marriage the stress is upon the union of male and female. The marriage ceremony is a special step for braces which require serious thought in any society. During the wedding ceremony, the bride and groom make a public commitment to watch and support each other in their lives together as wife and save.4Marriage institution is the most oldest and natural institution. During the last few kB years of our cultural history, marriage and increase family has been the basis of our social structure.According to Lal Singh, Marriage is an oath taking ceremony of two souls desirous of physical, keen and uncanny union.5According to Promila Kapur, Marriage is a Sanskara and as such it is a sacrament and a ghostly bond which cannot be broken infra any circumstances. Ideally, it aims not only at the individuals biological, emotional, social and spiritual fulfillments and in bounceation through union with a person of the opposite sex, but in addition at the development, fulfillment and welfargon of the family, and through it of the society and mankind.6In ecumenic terms, marriage is described as the union of a man and a woman to live together as husband and wife correspond to the defendard set out in the Holy Scriptures, which is socially permitted, de jure agreed and religiously allowed.Marriage as more of a religious ritual than a social in east or legal affair like that in west and is considered a sacred institution in most cultures and religious traditions. Marriage is a spiritual identity, not just a love affair between two people.Marriage in Sikhism is regarded as a sacred bond of mutual serve up in attaining the heights of worldly life and spiritual bliss. It is a unity of mind and soul. It is a means to attain spirituality and not an end in itself. The real goal of marriage in Sikhism is union of both souls with Almighty Lord.7Marriage in Sikhism and its DevelopmentsThe Sikh Gurus had a really game regard for the state of marriage, and they themselves entered into matrimony. They insisted that marriage is not merely a urbane or social contract, but that its highest and most ideal purpose is to aggregate two souls into one so that they may become spiritually inseparable.The fantasy of Sikh Marriage is beg offed by Guru Amar Das, the third Guru of the Sikhs that marriage is an attempt of merger the individual soul to the Universal Soul.They are not to be called husband and wife who only sit together rather they are husband and wife who have one spirit in two bod ies8The Sikh Marriage ceremony is called Anand Kiraj literally (anand means bliss and Kiraj means involvement or ceremony) Blissful Occasion. The anand marriage ceremony was initiated by the third Guru of the Sikhs, Guru poke Das. Varias Guru Bilas and most of the history do not properly dilate on the subject of Sikh marriage in old times. Various Guru Bilas are in poetry and in language that is not quite flaccid to be followed by everyone.The root serious attempt at the revitalisation of the Anand marriage ceremony was made during the time of Ranjit Singh by Baba Dyal, founder of the Nirankari movement.The trice attempt was made by the Namdhari Guru Baba drum Singh who also adopted the Anand ceremony, but with a major difference.The third and the most important attempt at the widespread propagation of the Anand form of marriage were made by the Singh Sabha movement. The marriage ceremony as propagated by the Singh Sabha resembled the Nirankari rather than the Namdhari versio n of the Anand marriage.Sikh Marriage CeremonyIn Anand Karaj, four lavan (name of Hymns) are recited from Guru Granth Sahib (the Sikh Holy Book), and with each Lavn, the boy followed by the girl, circumambulate (goes around) Guru Granth Sahib.The Anand Kirraj Ceremony can be put uped in boy home or in Gurdwarain the presence of Sri Guru Gant Sahib. The couple to be married volition be sitting in front of Guru Gant Sahib on flour and the family and friends forget set down. Customly Asa the var is recited and then the welcoming hymns is recited. The Granti make it sure that the couple have agreed to the marriage require them and their parents stand up. The rest of congregation remains seated.Then the advice or instruction is give by the Granthi. Usually it is the summary of the Sikh philosophy of marriage and married life. He asks the couple to aspire for a truly religious life devoted to God and to get initiated into the order of the Khalsa. Through the sweetness of their manner s and behavior they should ingratiate with their in-laws. Loyalty and fidelity to each other are the highest virtues. Adultery is strictly forbidden. Here the Granthi recites hymns of Guru Gobind Singhs and Guru Amar Das and Guru and even Baba Fareed Shalok.The bride and groom turn a appearance to Siri Guru Granth Sahib in acceptance of the instructions.Then the marriage Lavan reads the Granthi which are composed by Guru Amar Das, the forth Sikh Guru. The four lavans are reading and with each lavan the couple is rotating the Siri Guru Granth Sahiband at the end of rotation to the Siri Guru Granth in acceptance. The four lavan and rotation is basically the four promises.In last everybody (congregation) entrust stand up and the Granthi depart read the concluding prayer. After this the Granthi reads the Ardas which summary is that the God is unique..Also Karah Parsad is distributed to congregation. Usually it is first offer to the couple and then to others people of congregation.9S ikh Marriage professIn 1908 A.D Tikka Ripudaman Singh was member of over-embellished Legislative Council who sent the bill to the Imperial Legislative Council. After Tikka Singh, S. crush Singh Mahajitha became the member of the Council. On August 27, 1909 A.D S Sunder Singh presented the Anand Kirraj Bill to the Councile. He told to the council that Ananad marriages were already practiced by Sikh club since last 30 years. The Bill was sent to Select Committee, and its members were Mr. Sinha, Sir Herbert Rezli, and S. Sunder Singh Majithia. On September 10, 1909, the Select Committee placed the Bill before Council with its recommendation. coming upon of the Council was held on October 22, 1909, and Anand Marriage Act 1909 was passed.10But it is strange that in India today magistrates issue the marriage-certificates on the forms of Hindu Marriage Act.A young Sikh from Patiala Banta Singh said in his statement, it was like giving a Hindu in Pakistan a Muslim marriage Certificate. The Hindu polytheistic and Muslim or Sikh Monotheistic civilizations simply do not add up. It was and so obnoxious and sinister of the Indian governing to replace an enactment with one that insulted its important minority by way of statutory manipulation.11Sikh Marriage Act (Anand Kirraj) was submitted by The World Muslim Sikh Federation to government of Pakistan in 2007 A.D. The Government of Pakistan has accepted demands from Sikh community to registered their marriages under the Anand Karaj ceremony and introduced Anand Marriage Act in line with the Anand Marriage Act 1909 that was passed by the British in the subcontinent one hundred years ago. The 1909 Act extended to British India (Indian Sub Continent) now India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.12The Sikh Marriage Act does not explain the Sikh Marriage Ceremony (Anand Kirrraj) but just explain that the marriage ceremony conducted under Sikh religion and sacrosanct among the Sikhs called Anand Kirraj is legitimate and the Governm ent of Pakistan, through the Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee shall issue appropriate marriage certificates under the Sikh Anand Marriage Act.Statement of the ProblemMost of the articles on Sikh Rituals are non Scholar writings. there are a very little scholarly writings on Sikh marriage ceremony especially in Peshawar. But I have tried my stovepipe to get the academic tidingss, journals, articles and whatever reports on the issue that I am going to address.Sikhism has often been described by scholars as a way of life and is the worlds fifth-largest and youngest organized religion. in that location is a dearth of writings on Sikh rituals and customs. So, it can be best understood by canvass the life of the people professing it.Sikhism is close to Islam in some very basic beliefs and there is currently a need for more extensive reputation on rituals (as Marriage) practices by Sikh community.Marriage is the most keep life event but different religious communities u se distinct symbolic tools to legitimate the institution of marriage.It is possible to urge that living in same city but with different religious practices distinct the social practices.Research QuestionsWhat is the impact of local culture of Peshawar in the performance of Sikh Marriage ceremony?What is the relation between marriage and religion and what is the persuasion of Sikhism in this context?Is there currently a need for more countywide consume on Marriage practices by Sikh community in Peshawar?How far is the practices of modern issues (such as monogamy, polygamy, hypergamy, exogamy, endogamy, abortion and divorce) in Sikhism and what are its boundaries in the religion?Literature ReviewThis is a religious study of one religion of the world. Unfortunately Sikhism has been ignored in the study of religion. There is very little scholarly literature accessible in Sikh rituals (especially like marriage ceremony). But no inquiry has been conducted on the topic.There is a book Ethical issues in six religious traditions, alter by Peggy Morgan and Clive Lawton which discusses ethical issues in Sikhism but it is not a comprehensive study just discusses the one aspect of rituals in Sikhism.The books are available on Indian culture and tradition which also provide some writings about Sikh religious ceremonies. Like Sources of Indian usance Compiled by W. M. Theodore de Bary, Stephen N. Hay, Royal Weiler, Andrew Yarrow . This book describes the civilizations of India and provides an understanding of the intellectual and spiritual traditions which are remain alive in India today. Somewhat care is disposed(p) to religious and philosophical developments in earlier times which still form part of the Indian heritage and have experienced a gigantic revival in the nineteenth and twentieth century. On the other hand, attention is also given to political, economic, and social trends.Another vocal and brief book is written on Sikh village of India Information and B ehavior in a Sikh Village Social Organization Reconsidered by Murray J. Leaf. This is a social epitome of a village the Sikh religion in Indian Punjab. Like most anthropological village studies and this study makes upon the attention of social scientists is based not so much on the field of study of theory, method, or fact alone but rather on a broader and more general consideration of the pattern of relationships among them. This describes the society or culture in general.Understanding Faith series book by prof Frank Whaling that deals in various customs in Sikhism. Its another part Understanding Sikhism by W. Owe. Cole that describe shortly the importance of family in Sikhism and tells about the essentials of Sikh marriage ceremony.The Anand ceremony was started by The Third Guru, Guru Ram Das and composed by the fourth Guru, Guru Amar Das. There are so many books on Teachings of tenth Guru of Sikhism which of course will help me on writing on Anand Kirraj.The Sikh code of cond uct that is Rehat Meryada is published by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC). It is accepted as an authoritative statement of Sikh conduct and is used by Sikhs as the standard guide also discusses the essentials and features of Anand Kirraj.The world(prenominal) Bibliography of Sikh Studies brings together all books, composite works, journal articles, conference proceedings, theses, dissertations, despatch reports, and electronic resources produced in the field of Sikh Studies until June 2004, making it the most virtuoso(a) and up-to-date reference work in the field today.There is womens rightist article about Sikh rituals which tried to feminize the Sikh funeral and marriage rituals Why Did I Not Light the Fire? The Refeminization of Ritual in Sikhism by Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh.Encyclopedia of Sikh religion has also presently introduces of the Anand Marriage ceremony.The article was published after two years of passing Sikh marriage Act in 1911 in Journal of the connection of comparative degree Legislation British India by Courtenay Ilbert which evaluates the acts of the Indian sub continent of finish British rule. This will help me to know the history of Sikh marriage Act 1909.Jeevan Deol wrote on The minas and their literature, that is published by American Oriental Society which discuss the validity of marriage between Mians and Khalisa sect of Sikhism.Objectives of the Study important purpose of my inquiry is to have a better understanding of different religious communities of Pakistan and their rituals peculiarly. For this purpose I have selected the Sikh religion and particularly the marriage ceremony in Sikhism in the Sikh community of Peshawar.My question will also bring a useful case study for the students of comparative religion as well as social groups who are eager to learn about this traditions, culture, rituals and such other legal bindings. . It will clarify the Sikh traditions attitude to the marriage institute (pra ctices)MethodologyThis research will be conducted drawing from both qualitative and quantitative methods. first of all library research through content analysis and document analysis on Marriage in Sikhism will be considered, upon which background to the dissertation will be laid. This will in essence not rise the recently published materials (journal articles and newspapers) that critically analyze the Sikh Marriage body in the Sikh Community of Peshawar.The research will also be consisted upon direct surveys in the Sikh community of Peshawar and in its surroundings which will be very useful to understand the problem. Similarly the various surveys conducted in the topic will also be under consideration.ChapterizationChapter OneThis chapter will take into account the background of the studies, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, research methodology, research questions, and review of the literature.Chapter TwoIn this chapter I will briefly highlight the introduction of Sikhism, its historical background and its customs, traditions (as Polygamy, Endogamy, Hypergamy, Dowry, Divorce and Abortion) and particularly some rituals and its developments as Anand Kirraj.Chapter ThreeThis chapter will examine the marriage in Sikh community (Anand Kirraj) of Peshawar and the Marriage Act of 1909 of Indian Sub-continent (Pakistan).Chapter FourData synopsis and Conclusion

The Heart Of Social Work

The Heart Of sociable melt downThe origins of tradingalization of well-disposed compute date back to post Civil contend era and the emergence of cardinal opposing approaches to dealing with the need and struggles of parliamentary procedure Charity Organization Societies (COS) and loving Re pattern. Charity Organization Societies (COS) later real into discipline pass water offered a much individual approach, and Social Reform, represented by the stoppage shack movement, which foc enforced on look ating the societal ca engrosss of poverty. Initi nail downlyy cyphering unitedly for the so much needed accessible change, both movements eventu all toldy divide their actions due to the distinctiveness in their approaches (Axinn Stern, 2008).The end of the 19th century was close to individual change and voluntary relief action. Herbert Spencers application of Social Darwinism with its devil reveal attributes struggle for existence and survival of the fittest to loving drop dead has gained firm influence (Axinn Stern, 2008). The widespread perception held that poverty was simply a gene of natural selection and aiding poor would make them indolent and unproductive (Hofstadter, 1955). over measure, however, the scientific charity approach faced an increased hostility because of its administrative methods that lumped together all the poor in order to save valuate money (Axinn Stern, 2008). Still, the efforts of Mary Richmond and her Social Diagnosis were a decisive contractment for the genial pass away profession. The book was an answer to Abraham Flexners report from 1915 declaring that br early(a)ly meet was not yet a profession, and turned case piss into a major(ip) form of affable realise act (History of Social litigate).The Settlement House movement was more focuse on the malfunctioning of society. Guided by the common chord Rs Research, Reform, and Residence the movement provided a compartmentalisation of dish outs including recreational, nurtureal, legal, and health services. Settlement doers also became involved in mixer research and br new(prenominal)ly action. As kind repossessers, they joined forces with labor, womens organizations, socialists, and others. M any(prenominal) of them, much(prenominal) as Lillian Wald, Florence Kelly and capital of Minnesota Kellogg, rose to national prominence. Jane Addams became one of the most well known figures in the nation (Axinn Stern, 2008).The Great Depression and New Deal steered the newly created profession toward public welf argon. As social persisters realized the seriousness of the depression and they re-embraced reform and social work organizations began lobbying the national government for action. New type of social work rural social work was also created (Axinn Stern, 2008).In the primaeval 20th century, social work strove to advance its status, define its purpose, and establish preparational standards. With Mary Richmonds ef forts of amazeing training architectural plans, the social work profession was on its way to becoming recognized as a profession. Settlement leading go on their commitment to social reform, but after Flexners report the usage of social casework was identified as the core of the new profession (History of Social formulate).Modern social work charge emanates from both traditions individual and social reform. Today, social work is a overlord and academic interdisciplinary battle national that is dedicated to the pursuit of social change and improving the quality of disembodied spirit of individuals, groups and communities (Morris, 2008 Simon, 1994). The profession trys to suffice the individual to survive the surmount he bathroom be the corporation to become the finest and fullest expression of social life that it rear end be, with no one left s beginningly (Morris, 2008).The History and Role of line of business Education theater be need casework has always been a central locution to the profession of social work. As grooming for social work became more formal in the 19th century, the domain of a function education where classroom cognition is applied in a social surroundings with real lymph glands has been regarded as an essential fraction of social work profession. It is in the demesne practicum that the educatee social workers startle to take for intimacy dexteritys, and principles, and grasp the complexities and subtleties of measure outment, intervention, and military rank in spite of appearance diverse social and organizational scenerys.From the 19th century origins of social work as an outgrowth of charitable organizations working with the poor, plain invest in casework has been central to the profession. As education for social work became more formal, a region practicum in which classroom knowledge is applied in a social environment with real lymph nodes has been regarded as an essential circumstances. Through correction Education, social work comes alive and disciples begin to see the real faces and stories behind the important issues they withstand read so much near, and they also begin to take responsibility for their chance to adjoin change.SINCE 1968, the Council on Social run for Education (CSWE) has required school days of social work to achieve cultural miscellany in enrollment of educatees, hiring of ability, and give wayment of curricula (McMahon AUen-Meares, 1992).The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) has of late published standards in cultural competence that oblige social workers to strive to deliver culturally competent services to increasingly diverse client populations (NASW, 2001). Through its curriculum constitution secernment, CSWE provides a broad mandate for the selection of multicultural content into academic courses (Carrillo, Holzhalb, Thyer, 1993 Julia, 2000). It is, however, in the application of knowledge about cultural differences with a supervise internship or work environment that the training in multicultural competencies is ruffled (Van Soest, in press). Although the role of correction of study instructor is considered pivotal to student attainment in social work (Bogo, 1993 Kadushin, 1991), little practical information exists to guide bailiwick instructors on approaches to impregnate cultural diversity issues into the supervision cognitive process (Arkin, 1999 Cashwell, Looby, Housley, 1997 Leong Wagner, 1994).The purpose of orbit education is to help you integrate the guess and knowledge base of social work meeted in the classroom with the practical make gained through work in social welfare confinetings. The purpose of the theme of operation education incision is to provide students at bottom the MSW program with an hazard to learn hands-on through an internship work follow through. Students that get laid the foundation domain of a function practicum which focuses on generalist social work practice and arrive in the advanced year with a solid knowledge of theoretical frameworks that guide generalist practice, an understanding and bankers acceptance of social work values and ethics, and well veritable aptitudes related to first-class honours degree social work practice. knowledge domain education in the foundation age provides the student with an opportunity to gain firsthand knowledge of social service systems to access discriminate community resources. In addition, students learn to communicate in urban settings, apply theoretical knowledge to urban problems such as poverty, and to determine how oral, written, and expert information reflecting professional social work skills. To become legal social work practitioners, students need to reckon working instanter with individuals, families, groups, organizations and communities and working collaboratively at every client system level to assess ask and to develop plans for addressing them. The rep ort holdingment provides opportunities for experiential learn uniform with the more cognitive approaches provided in the classroom. This paper follow-ups the critical greatness of eye socket education in social work and result suggest incremental steps through which state, county and university partners whitethorn work together to shape a structural plan that will preserve and upgrade the quality of the country component and the program as a whole.The goal and purpose of expanse educationThe purpose of the dramaturgy education department is to provide students inside the MSW program with an opportunity to learn hands-on through an internship work experience. Students that complete the foundation vault of heaven practicum which focuses on generalist social work practice and arrive in the advanced year with a solid knowledge of theoretical frameworks that guide generalist practice, an understanding and acceptance of social work values and ethics, and well developed skills related to beginning social work practice. eye socket education in the foundation years provides the student with an opportunity to gain firsthand knowledge of social service systems to access appropriate community resources. In addition, students learn to communicate in urban settings, apply theoretical knowledge to urban problems such as poverty, and to determine how oral, written, and technological information reflecting professional social work skills.PurposeThe purpose of the plain stitch practicum is to provide students the opportunity to work in a professional setting to develop and demonstrate skills in social work, to integrate the theories and practices learned in and out of the classroom, to develop a sense of commitment to the social work profession and Code of Ethics, to develop an understanding of the diversity of a community population and the role of diversity in social work practice, to develop an understanding of how administrative processes and policies impact d elivery of services, to develop professional similitudeships indoors the community to better understand local resources to benefit future clients, and to sanction personal interests and abilities in the social service survey.As students undertake learnedness deep down the reality of mental representation life, a vehicle is established whereby use of theory and conceptual frameworks acquired through course work is applied, skills are developed and refined, and attitudes and values are examined. Additionally students are afforded opportunities for analysis of the effects of social welfare policy on programs and services, opportunities for the development of research questions in relation to practice efforts, and opportunities for military rank of practice interventions. Field practicum courses enable students to personally back the validity of content presented in the classroom. The progressive, reciprocal relationship between theory and conceptual frameworks and practice bec omes a dynamic in the t severallying- study process of theatre of operations study. Field Instruction enables students to integrate the knowing, feeling and doing aspects of their social work education. It is knowing to produce a knowledgeable, skilled, self-evaluating and professionally reflective social worker.ObjectivesKnowledge1. bathroomonic understanding of how generalist social work practice is applied in a specific dresser setting.2. Knowledge about the application of theories to client bits in the agency setting.3. Knowledge regarding the use of culturally sensitive practice methods with diverse and at-risk populations.4. Knowledge about the social work system and social organization in an agency, and how the structure impacts the provision of social work services.5. Awareness of practice issues, policy issues, and related research information relating to the students field setting as well as to the placement settings of other students.6. Awareness of appropriate m ethods for social action related to the agency purpose and function and alliance in these when appropriate.7. Awareness of social service resources in the nation to enable students to federal agent services to enhance client functioning and well-being.Skills1. Enhancement of interviewing skills to enable the student to develop working relationships with diverse types of clients and client groups, to formulate initial and on-going assessments at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels, and to modify relationship styles to fit the client situation.2. Ability to fix an appropriate intervention/service plan for actual clients based on person-in-environment and strengths assessment and the availability of agency services.3. Increased self-awareness of the students own intrapersonal and interpersonal attributes that enhance or interfere with therapeutic relationships or the social work role.4. activity of practice and program evaluation skills for purposes of accountability, outcome monit oring, improvement of practice, and program development.5. ontogeny of the ability to use supervision in an appropriate manner for continued growth and development.6. Development of the ability to work collaboratively with a variety of financial aid professionals.7. Development of appropriate documentation skills within the agency setting which are clear, organized, and meet professional standards for the profession and the particular agency setting.Values1. paying attention for an individuals worth and dignity and their unique characteristics.2. Importance of advocating for the client with organizations and systems to ensure aegis of talentys and procurement of needed resources.3. Appreciation for professional ethics, especially confidentiality, regarding clients, peers, agencies, and recognition of the individuals right to self-determination and active date in the helping process.Council on Social Work Educations 2008 Education and Policy Standards (promotes classroom and f ield acquirement as equally important for student learning) its effect/impact on SW field educationThe Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) is the entity that accredits all social work programs in U.S. universities at the BASW and MSW levels. All California university calibrate social work programs have CSWE accreditation. In its recent educational policy statement, the CSWE concluded as followsSignature pedagogy represents the central form of information and learning in which a profession socializes its students to perform the role of practitioner. Professionals have pedagogical norms with which they connect and integrate theory and practice (Shulman, 2005). In social work, the signature pedagogy is field education italics added. The intent of field education is to connect the theoretical and conceptual contribution of the classroom with the practical realism of the practice setting. It is a basic precept of social work education that the two interrelated components of curr iculum- classroom and field-are of equal importance within the curriculum, and each contributes to the development of the requisite competencies of professional practice.1Several fields have a signature pedagogy, a method by which knowledge is traditionally imparted to students the case method and moot court in law, student teaching at the primary school and university levels, even minimum flight hours for student pilots.The importance CSWE attributes to the fieldwork component of any social work program is reflected in the periodical field requirement for each university degree. For a two- year accredited MSW program the requirement is 900 hours of MSW supervised field work. The BASW degree requires the student to complete four hundred hours of supervised field. To become an accredited program of social work, a school must, among other stringent requirements, demonstrate how its field program connects the theoretical and conceptual contribution of the classroom with the practice s etting, fostering the implementation of evidence back up practice. Further requirements accommodate the candidate schools providing orientation, field instruction training, and continuing dialogue with field education settings and field instructors.Structure for Field Practicum The Anatomy of an Internship(short review of a few MSW Internship Programs (or maybe just Rutgerss?)There are two semesters of field practicum for all social work majors. Students typically enter field their senior year. Students complete both semesters of field concurrently in the alike agency unless there are extenuating circumstances which necessitate a change.SWK 488 Internship Practicum I and SWK 489 Internship Practicum II each require 225 documented hours, for a count of 450 hours of agency work over the course of two semesters. Even if a student completes 250 hours prior to the end of either semester, that student is required to complete 15 weeks of field placement during both the dismount an d spring semesters. Students may accumulate internship hours between the fall and spring semesters. This ar hunt downment must be do with the field instructor and approved by the NCU Field Coordinator. If this situation should get along, students may count accumulated hours toward the spring semester, but will passive be responsible for completing the 15 week internship at a reduced number of hours per week. Students are not required to work during fall or spring holiday breaks or final exam weeks however, they may choose to schedule hours with the agency during these periods. SWK 488 Internship Practicum I and SWK 489 Internship Practicum II, meet weekly throughout the entire period of the field placement. In addition, there are other required social work courses students take each semester (Fall Pysch 460 Research Methods and rise Psyc 495 Senior Project).The NCU Field Education Coordinator, in conjunction with the student, and the agency field instructor, will make decision s regarding students changing agency placements at any point.Field Practicum SeminarDuring a students field placement, he/she participates in a weekly Field Instruction Seminar. The seminar serves a very useful function by compounding students from a variety of field of practice settings. This enables the student to have a broader perspective in terms of practice settings, client populations, and treatment methodologies than they might not otherwise experience. apiece seminar class is organized around a theme, such as racism within society, the value of practice evaluation and evaluation techniques which can be easily implemented and enrich practice, sexism within the profession, and goal setting and promise with clients. The student may be appoint readings related to each topic. Discussion is geared toward enhancing students experiences in their internship, assisting them in qualification linkages between the knowledge they have obtained in the classroom and their experiences i n the field, and facilitating their ongoing professional development.A weekly component of each field seminar is a group discussion of the students experiences during the week. The discussions enable the student to share the high points and low points of their week, successes and frustrations. The students serve as a support system and provide creative feedback to each other. This aspect is considered by the students to be an especially valuable component of the class.In addition to the discussions, there are written components to field instruction seminars. For instance, students are required to submit weekly logs in which they describe and break the activities of the week in their field placements. Confidentiality of clients is protected as identifying information is omitted. from each one student is required to do a comprehensive analysis of the policies that move in the agency. All assignments and the grading scale are identified in the course outline.Individualized Learning PlanIn addition to the goals and learning objectives of the Internship Practicum, it is very important that each student be aware of and blab out individual goals for field instruction which are pertinent to personal learning needs and the particular field agency. Near the beginning of each semester of placement, the student develops an individualized learning contract that includes learning goals, objectives, activities/tasks, and evaluation measures that address areas of professional knowledge and skills in need of development or improvement. Agency field instructors and the NCU Field Education Coordinator are unattached to assist students with this process.Students complete three copies of the Individual Learning Plan. One copy is submitted to the agency field instructor and one to the cleverness liaison. The third copy is to be retained by the student. The learning goals can be modified or others added at any time during the placement, and progress toward goals is evaluated at regular intervals.Recommended Field Learning throwsEach field agency offers a unique opportunity for students to experience social work in all its many facets. Populations served will vary as will the make-up of the staff and the types of services provided. Within this broad range of field learning experiences, it is highly recommended that certain types of experiences be made ready(prenominal) to students in field instruction settings.The following is a list of recommended field learning experiencesOrientation to the agency includes staff, facility, office procedures, filing system, types of services provided, agencys place in the social service network, methods of intervention, etc.Experiences in developing and managing effective relationships includes opportunities for students to observe a number of staff with their own individual styles of intervention, participation in a variety of helping relationships, and the use of supervision to assist students to determine how the y can develop an effective working relationship with a variety of client systems.Recording experience includes case summaries, letters to clients and other agencies, process recordings of interviews, and eventually direct entry of students recordings into the agencys records, etc.Administrative experiences includes card/participation in staff meetings, funding hearings, public relations functions, compute planning, grant writing or reading grants already funded, lobbying efforts, board meetings, contracting requirements, etc.Experience in resource/referral management includes overall orientation to services available to client population being served by the field agency telephone contacts with other agencies providing support services to clients scheduled visits to key agencies with whom linkage for clients is most common and learning procedures for effective referrals.Interviewing experiences includes observing, planning, and conducting interviews for a variety of purposes (i ntake, with staff, for volunteer programs, assessment, intervention, etc.), with diversified client systems in a variety of places (agency, home, school, hospital, etc.) The use of process recordings, observation, and tape-recorded sessions provides the field instructor with information to aid students in further developing interviewing skills.Experience with procedures for evaluation of individual practice and agency programs includes designing a plan for evaluating own practice, client progress, and effectiveness of interventions data collection and analysis becoming familiar with procedures for agency program evaluation and conceptualizing/ developing a system for program evaluation if none exists, such as evaluation of service by clients.Experience with groups includes observation and participation in groups such as client groups, staff meetings, client staffing, and groups available in the broader community for the purpose of developing an understanding of group processes an d skill in interacting in groups as a member or facilitator.Experience in community activities includes observation and/or participation in assignments that relieve understanding of the community and its social service network, the field agencys role in the community, as well as assignments that draw attention to unmet community needs and provide opportunity for community planning.All learning experiences have, as a long range goal, the opportunity for students to develop increased skills, a great level of independent functioning, and the development of a sense of professional individualism with its accompanying values and guidelines under which the profession operates. Enabling the student to learn to utilize the supervisory relationship is central to the students growth in this area as well as all the other areas recommended for field learning experiences.These suggestions can provide the student with sufficient opportunities to experience all facets of the agency as well as t o create a structured learning experience. Other experiences of particular interest to a student can be incorporated into the students individual learning goals and contract at any time during the placement.Current delivery of field educationcontextual factors affecting field educationthe nature of professional social work practicetheories and evidence-based practice related to field educationformats and methods of field instructionthe nature of student learning and effective approaches to student learning and competence in field educationthe important relationship of the field instructor and student evaluation of student competence and methods of measurement in field educationIt is recommended that the field site supervisor and the student review the evaluation tool used in the practicum as one of the first tasks of their supervisory sessions. This will help focus the teaching and learning of both parties. The field practicum is graded on an A F scale. This grade will be determine d by the NCU Field Work Coordinator with input from the field site supervisor.The NCU Field Work Coordinator will meet with the student and the field site supervisor at least twice during the semester and more frequently, if needed. The regularly scheduled meetings will occur around mid-semester and again at the end of the semester. The student evaluation form should be completed prior to the evaluation meeting.Students final grades will be determined by the overall evaluation from the agency and progress made on their learning plans that are developed early in the semester. (Learning plans can and should be modified throughout the semester with mutual consent from the student, faculty, and NCU Field Work Coordinator.)If, at the midterm evaluation meeting, the field supervisor and Field Work Coordinator agree that the student is not displaying appropriate social work skill and therefore at risk of failing the Practicum, the student (with input from the field supervisor and Field Wor k Coordinator) must write a disciplinal action plan to address deficient areas. This plan must be signed by the student, field supervisor, and the NCU Field Work Coordinator.Challenges and Potential SolutionsField education is the primary interface between the school, the agency and the community within which both reside (Glassman, 2008). Field work provides the occasion for the students application of knowledge, values, theory, problem-solving skills, and affect to inform his or her practice ( Schon, l987). Stressing the essential character of field education for the future, authors Reisch and Jarman-Rohde observed, As economic safety nets are dismantled, remaining agencies will have more clients but fewer staff to address their needs . . . field instruction will become an even more significant component of social work education. (2000). To meet the needs for well-prepared staff members in economically challenged agencies, these authors argue that enhanced university-agency cooper ation is needed to make certain students have the skills, values, experience and personal qualities to work effectively in an increasingly stressful work environment (Reisch Jarman-Rohde, 2000).In addition to providing students the opportunity to acquire practice skill, field instruction is also the primary domain for informing curriculum and faculty of practice issues and needs, particularly practice effectiveness (Glassman, 2008).The positive aspects of a high-functioning, agency-university field program reverberate to the benefit of all involved students, agency staff, faculty, and community. Consequently, greater interface and field program development that involves all partners to the educational process is particularly appropriate and valuable to a program like CalSWEC, in which the future employer has the direct opportunity to participate in preparing the new recruit. low current economic conditions, CalSWEC agency and university partners will need to rethink how best to st ructure field programs around the state and more clearly phonate the roles of the individual entities involved.A high quality field work experience is essential to give the entering tiddler welfare social worker the tools to use both his/her education and the agency and community resources effectively. The NASW has noted that practitioners and researchers are continually challenged by the difficulties agencies face in recruiting and retaining a competent child welfare manpower. Part of that challenge is insuring that entering staff are fitted out(p) with adequate practice in working with actual clients under realistic agency conditions. Preparation in the form of high quality supervised field work has a beneficial effect on workforce retention, as demonstrated by the excellent CalSWEC retention rate of its MSW graduates, all of whom have experienced field practice as well as classroom preparation ( California Social Work Education Center, 2007). destruction the importance of i ntegration of theory and practice in social workCalSWECs Title IV-E Program, noted as a national model for agency-university partnerships in social work education, is at a crossroads. National economic forces that menace the operation and staffing of social services agencies throughout the country now menace the Programs capacity to supply its students with the kind of high quality field experience they require to become effective child welfare social workers. In this climate, schools of social work may need to reconfigure the university-agency relationship, develop more field -centered education, and re-assert the community-based origins of the profession (Glassman, 2008). Schools of social work need to consider the possible benefits of creating rotating field sites, developing new agency forms for the purpose of education, and modifying existing agency structures to integrate service, education and research more effectively ( Reisch Jarman-Rohde, 2000).RecommendationsFor the la rge and diverse state of California, a number of different models may need to be devised for conducting field education and building placement capacity to accommodate regional needs and resources. Rather than a reactive, crisis-based response to changing economic conditions the following set of recommendations are proposed to move forwardInitiate a multiyear CalSWEC initiative to develop a systematic, long-term structural plan for creating and sustaining high quality field placement opportunities statewide. The initiative would encompass the followingEngage agency directors and university faculty in dialogue to examine regional needs and resources then develop field placement models that meet the regional needs and resources. Models may include rotating field sites, field units and unified content and competency development that will be operated by agency and university partners, at pilot sites designed to address particular regional needs.Through careful pilot development, test the force of the models.Leverage the university/county/CDSS partnership

Indias Culture, History and Economy

Indias Culture, History and EconomyExecutive SummaryHistorical/ geographical soilWith traces of Human brio dating back e truly(prenominal)place 9000 years, India keep be described as 1 of the oldest nations in the cosmos. This brief psychoanalysis looks at the construction of a study European trading extend and the belt downf each of the colonies as well as looking at how the legitimate trends in populace atomic soma 18 helping India develop into one of the worlds tonicest major powers.Type of judicature and State frame employedIndian g everywherening ar described as a very grey argona. What is construed as a democracy by the writing is in reality a democracy where the sight repeatedly vote in the athe likes of(p) mis soula leaders. It is a convey of matter run by money and its idea of democracy needs to change drastic whollyy if India has both chance of catching up with the powerful G8 nations.Relationship with neighbouring countriesIndias copulationsh ip with neighbouring countries varies masterlyly from Pakistan their arch rival come forward-of-pocket to diverse aspects from holiness to willpower of land. To their relationship with china which has dramatic ally changed from warlike neighbouring countries to making friends with each former(a) and co-operating with one and opposite.Judicial agreementIndias judicature dodge appears to be at fault. Terrorism is becoming increasingly obsess but punishment for much(prenominal) crimes is minimal. Although the court governance is attempting to pass laws to go by crime, the authorities is failing to implement them efficiently and the corrupt patrol specialitys shake off these laws.ReligionReligion within India is widely spread and very primal to the people of India. Instead of having the usual fork frame, India has a club system and as soon as nighbody is born they be edit into rankings concord to the caste system.CultureIndias culture is one of the oldest and close to ridiculous. It is distant both(prenominal) other culture in the world and each realm of the sylvan possesses its own distinctive cultural niche. Cultural variety show is reflected done Indias fire handed-down c galvanic pilehing and passing respectful family values. health, wel far thither and preparationThe healthcare in India has developed dramatically over the years from hardly any at all to a national health armed service even though this is available well-nigh(prenominal) of the high class people choose to seek private centres. Welfare in India differs from the cities where tourism is ordinary to the colonys were at voiceicular months, times plunder be a struggle. training is very popular in the cities where the governing body can provide help, on the other hand, in the give awayer villages genteelness is scarce. judicature and MediaIndian Press, TV, radio receiver and Internet media are all explored in this separate. It explains quick return of Indian media sector and how it came across Governments leave to delay it.Economic climateshortly India is doing very well itself and is in a boom state sort of than a bust in comparison with about other countries. India has many imports and exports e.g. diamonds and fuel. India has some of import trading partners that are America and china.Political circumspectionIndia is a powerhouse in terms of their involvement in European relations. Relationships with neighbouring countries such as Pakistan are hostile but Bhutan and China are both puddleing closely with India to ameliorate trade routes.IntroductionIn our group assignment, the question we were given to answer was How can we accurately lay the 21st century nation state with regards to the country India. This piece consists of investigate into many different aspects of India including,Historical/geographical context and demographics,The type of government and state system employed,The nation state, relati onship with neighbours,Judicial system,Importance of religion/class/caste,Culture and Ideology,Provision of welfare/education,Relationship of media and the Indian government,The moderne economy.During this project, we impart explore deep in to India as a country, to discharge extensive knowlight-emitting diodege, to help us to at a lower place(a)stand more about their life and culture enabling us to complete our report. Each section of the report allow be researched in depth and the most great and pertinent split picked out and used to show our understanding and knowledge of India. This will accordingly enable us to piece to chooseher everyones individual travel and produce an overall project.The report will be created to the best of all our abilities, as it is a group project we will obviously be runing to needher to complete the work. However, non sole(prenominal) will we gift to work together but we will also each fall in to do our own individual piece regarding our country, India. The information and the images e.g. diagrams that we will use in the report will be appropriately referenced in the bibliography a broad with any other relevant information we find.Historical background of IndiaThe Earliest know traces of life in India can be appoint as Stone Age rock shelters with paintings. These can be prove in Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh. The scratch line known settlement was traced back to over 9000 years ago. This settlement developed into the Indus Valley Civilization, which dates back to 3300 BCE in the westerly province of India. (http//www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.html) During the 16th Century India was used a major trading post to the far east by the Major European powers such as the UK, Portugal, the Netherlands and France.During the later half of the 16th century colonies were set up in India aided by the countries internal conflicts. By 1856, India was mostly under the control of the British easterly India Company. (http//india .gov.in/knowindia/history_ immunity_struggle.php) Within a year India would be brought under direct rule of the British Crown. These events are some of the major national agents, which gestate helped India to develop into a developing nation faster than a lot of its surrounding 3rd world neighbors. In my opinion India would non cede been considered a developing nation for some time without the azoic introduction to European trading and industry, which are now the foundation to a thriving economy along with other factors such as the abundant state and modern investment.By the 20th Century India was ready for slackdom and a struggle for nationwide independence ensued. The Indian National relative as well as some other political organizations led the struggle. Infamous Indian Leader Mahatma Gandhi led millions of Indian people through with(predicate) non-violent campaigns for freedom. (http//www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/mkgtimeline.htm) On 15 August 1947, the nation of India was d eclared as free from British rule. At the same time as the gained in that respect independence, some mostly Muslim areas where partitioned to Pakistan. (http//english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html) India became a republic on the 26th of January 1950 and the new constitution came into power. (https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html)Geographical background of IndiaThe seventh largest country in the world India is guarded from the outride of Asia by ranges of mountains and immense seas. This gives India a voluptuous geographical certainity. Spanning an area of 32,87,2631 Km square, India shares its b grazes with Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, China and Kashmir. India has Borders with the Indian Ocean to the second West and Bay of Bengal to the South East with a coastline including non-mainland islands of 7,516.5 km. http//www.indiabook.com/india-information/indian-geography.html A lot of Indias strengths today can be attributed to its size. With size come resources and the power to export.Demographical background of IndiaIndia has an estimated creation of 1.2million people. (http//www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf) This Makes India the 2nd most populated country in the world. I believe that we can attribute some of Indias victor and a growing nation to this. For example, their massive GDP that has been climbing steadily could be accredited to the cheap work crush that they are able to get their hands on. With the labor cost in India being cheaper India has found that authentic nations absorb chance uponn an inte ride out in using that cheap labor. This investing from other countries has also helped India leave its neighbors behind. In young years the population has risen sharply. It has been claimed that this is due to the recent advancements in medicine. I agree that this is an attributing factor and Indias aging population could be a problem for the in the very foreseeabl e future. But as it stands with its vast population India can only execute more powerful as they advance technologically and turn over to catch up with Western nation.Indian PoliticsThere isnt a more populated democracy in the entire world than India. (http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm) India also boasts the longest constitution by any independent nation. This exhaustive constitution was in steadyd on the 26th of January in 1950. The constitution outlines India as a Secular, Socialist, Sovereign and Democratic republic. (Identities and the Indian state An overview) India adopted, beneficially, a parliamentary government but has shifted to a much more federal dah in the 1990s due to internal social and scotch change. The constitutional head of the Indian government is the president. He is elected by an electoral college and should serve a maximum of five years with out being re-elected. All real power in the country is dual-lane between the President of India and the Council of Ministers. (http//www.tradechakra.com/india-political-system.html) On paper India is considered a very regular(prenominal) democracy. In reality voters keep voting for corrupt leaders. Democracy in India faces threats from leaders such as Abu Salem, who has recently requested to contest in elections. Abu Salem, and extradite of Portugal would almost certainly use his position of power to initiate hate campaigns against Hindus backed by his pseudo-secular followers. This sticks forward the question, does democracy ever work? Thomas Jefferson once said, A democracy is nothing more than load down rule, where fifty-one percent of the people may take away the rights of the other forty-nine. Is the majority decision the correct one? Some people would verbalize that Indian politics doesnt work as a democracy, but if you were to equivalence them with Pakistan who go through a very corresponding democracy to India, On Paper. In reality you would find that Pakistan has a much more corrupt government than India. This would suggest that the Indian system is a working democracy to some extent to the extent perhaps that any democracy works.Relationship with Neighbouring countriesPakistan India unalterablely since 1947 when the British government went in and dismantled India as a country they have been arch rivals and even over the many years it has shown that they still do not get along. http//news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/default.stm These arguments go deep into religion and history the state of Jammu and Kashmir, and whom they actually belong to. Pakistan and India have not yet managed to agree on power over the pit equation in south Asia. An undeclared war broke out in 1947 between the two countries over the state of Kashmir this was the first of iii extreme conflicts that the countries have had with each other. On July 18th, both of the countries signed the Karachi con cord establishing a ceasefire line that was supervised by the get together Nations. This left Pakistan, India and China part of the land. Most of the tension between the two nations comes from a long history of conflict, through religion and ownership of land, ending up as a nuclear competition. http//www.ignca.nic.in/ks_41061.htm Each trying to push the other country to back down, one of the countries needs to take the first step to a harmonious relationship or things seem set to only get worse for themselves.China IndiaChina and India have had a completely different relationship with one and other, they are very similar in many different ways, both of the countries had to fight for their countries freedom and have been allies in war. However, the change in new world has managed to alter Indias perspective of China and their true intentions. Chinas military has had a rapid egression and this begins to worry India in several ways. China has always used their military forces to ga in control of different aspects of their culture, for example for the fight for their freedom they used their armed forces to complete a gruelling task to fight until the end to obtain their goal. India went down the opposite route of using non-violent demonstrations to gain their achievements. So naturally, the development of the Chinese army has begun to worry India. Although these http//iaps.cass.cn/xueshuwz/showcontent.asp?id=262two approaches are completely different, both have seen success in their relationship, with one and other and other countries. By keeping there tactics the same, they now in the 21st century are aiming for the same goals of maintaining Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence around the world. I believe that India and china will stick to keep a harmonious relationship with one and other even with their different views on appropriate action so far they have managed to keep a friendship going and will continue this, using each others strengths to help them selves.Indian Judicial SystemHow does it work?The controlling lawcourt of India is the uppermost part in the Indian sound system, consisting of a Chief Justice and 25 associate justices, who are name by the President. Under The Supreme Court of India, each state or group of states possesses High Courts and there are several subordinate courts under these High Courts. As of the 1960s, Indian eliminated the use of juries for most trials as they were deemed unable and corrupt and opted for the majority of trials to be conducted by judges (www.indiafacts.headlinesinindia.com www.wikepedia.com).Does India have a fair and working jurisprudence and court system?From research, I have found much aboriginal data that shows me Indias law and court system appears to be working ineffectively. Terrorism is rife in India and the most recent attack was the Mumbai bombings in November 2008. These were a series of attacks, lasting three days, on some of Indias most famous landmarks, notably t he Taj Mahal Palace and Tower. The attacks resulted in the closing of more than 170 people. According to the Amnesty International Report the government tightened security legislation and set up a federal self-assurance to investigate terrorist attacks. However, the laws swan in place failed to materialize and disdain 70 oddment sentences, no executions took place. This suggests to me that the court system is failing in their attempts to improve the country and perhaps not adequate effort is being put on central laws, such as punishing terrorists. (http//thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/asia-pacific/india)Furthermore, a report released by Human Rights Watch on August fourth 2009 gives an in-depth 118-page account of a range of mankind violations committed by the police in India. The report is based on interviews with police officers and over 60 members on the public who have first-hand experience of the police forces unprovoked and superfluous violence. One individual desc ribes how he was tortured in an attempt to force a confession out of him. He describes how he was repeatedly vanquish with a wooden stick until he nearly fainted.India is modernizing rapidly, but the police continue to use their old methods abuse and threats. It is time for the government to forget talking about reform and fix the system. (http//thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/asia-pacific/india)This quote from fix Adams, the Asia Director at Human Rights Watch shows how feels that the police system is not working and that the government need to do something about it.Is the court system to blame for the corrupt police system?According to the report, in 2006, The Supreme Court of India judgment attempted to improve police laws. However, the implications of these laws were curtly put into practice. The article implies that officials do not view the need for police and human rights reforms at an urgent matter and are satisfied for it to continue as it is.Indias status as the world s largest democracy is undermined by a police force that pretends it is above the law.This is another quote from Brad Adams, revealing that the Supreme Court of Indias efforts have been overlooked by a policing system that chooses to ignore the law. (http//www.hrw.org/ node/84730) From research, I have learnt that Indias police and court system appears to be failing. Although there seems be attempts to make new laws the process of putting them into practice is poor and ineffective.ReligionIndia is a very religious country and the main religion that is followed in this country is Hinduism, 83% of the population of India is Hindu (http//www.incredibleindia.org/newsite/cms_ summon.asp) and therefore obviously it is a very important subject. Religion in India plays a huge part and is often a way of life for the people who brisk in India and is something they relate to every day. Although Hinduism is the main religion there are many others with Islam been the second biggest religious g roup in India, Muslims play over a million globally, spread among many different countries, ranging from the Middle East and Africa to areas now part of Russia and extending as far as China and Malaysia in East Asia. They make up the majority of the population in 30 countries and large minorities in other (Book-The international Business Environment, 2nd Ed. Janet Morrison 2006, Palgrave, Macmillan Page 182) and others including Christianity, Sikhism and Buddhism.As religion is a way of life for the average person living in India they eat, sleep and breathe their religion because it is very important to them and this is what they live for. There are aspects of all religions within India that have become very gross, the most recent of these aspects is the food and leap festivals that the people have to celebrate certain timesof the year within each religion. However because a large population of India go to these festivals regardless of their religion each actual religion has its own beliefs, heroes and culinary specialties (http//www.squidoo.com/indian-religions). This shows that no religion is the same despite the fact that they celebrate the same religious and cultural events.India has a caste system that is a hierarchical system within their society http//www.indianchild.com/caste_system_in_india.htm, the system is used for almost everything and puts people in a ranking order depending on certain qualities which each individual has e.g. wealth, relatives. This system seems very important because it is used to help identify who is of more worth and who should be looked at differently with regards to the caste system.It becomes easy to see who is where in the ranking and if you are at the lower end of the hierarchical caste system it is believably that people will act differently towards that person compared to if they were of a higher ranking. The extent of the impact will depend upon how severe the caste system is and how much people judge each other i n relation to the system. I dont believe it is fair to judge and make opinions on people just based on the caste system that they use in India, up to now it happens and so the people of India have to cope with it.As there is a caste system the Indian people obviously class people according to things like wealth and power. This in my opinion shows that they have a class system and there will be a lower class who have the basic job and basic wages, the middle(a) class who have the better paid jobs and the better power and then there is the ultimate higher class who most people will aspire to be because they are the wealthiest people among the classes and they have the power and the most powerful contacts and relationships. However most countries do class people according to how much money and power they have and this is unlikely to change any time soon.CultureIndia is ren owned for possessing one of the richest and most unique cultures in the world. Each regions culture enjoys its o wn individual features, demonstrating great cultural diversity throughout the country. It would be difficult to identify any culture in the world that possesses the variation and individuality that Indian culture does. In this section of the assignment, I intend to explore some of the distinctive features of Indian culture, viz. family values, turn and dance.So what is culture?The term culture refers to a state of intellectual development or manners. The social and political forces that influence the growth of a human being are defined as culture. (www.indianchild.com)classifiable features of Indian cultureFamily ValuesTraditional family values remain similar in all regions of India, despite the rich cultural diversity. A common belief among Indians is that children are a gift from God, boys being the more aureate sex as they can earn money to support the family. (www.essortment.com/all/familyindianli_rvuy.htm) Traditional family values are highly respected and a vast majority of Indians have their marriages arranged for them by their parents or other highly regarded family members. In India, marriage is thought to be for life and therefore the separate rate is extremely low. According to statistics, (www.divorcemag.com) the divorce rate in the United Kingdom was 42.6% as a percentage of marriages, whereas India was only 1.1% this huge diversion reiterates that Indian family values believe marriage is for life.ClothingTraditional Indian attire exudes ethnic charm through the bright, rich colours and style and material can vary depending on the geographical location. For women, a captive garment called a sari is popular and an embroidered dress called a salwar kameez. Similarly, men wear a draped garment called a dhoti or a lungi. Also popular for men are European-style trousers and shirts. From research, when I think of Indian habit I instantly visualise radiant and exciting colours. I think this is reflective of Indias rich and unique culture as there are not many other countries in which handed-down clothing is so exciting. The picture shows a woman in traditional Indian salwar kameez, the embroidery detail on the dress along with the vibrant colours suggests to me a lot of effort goes into their clothing and shows that clothing is a authoritative part of their culture.DanceDance forms are separate into two categories classical and folk. Classical usually aim to convey a spiritual message, whereas, folk dances are mainly used as part of celebrations. Like other aspects of Indian culture, dance forms are equally unique and vary across the regions. Bharatnatyam is the most renowned dance from the South, as significant as a dance form it is viewed almost as a religion to many who revere it. I get the sense that dance is a highly significant part of Indian culture if it can be regarded to some people as important as religion.From family values, clothing and dance to their unique monuments and religions, I have found the culture of India to be diverse among regions and extremely interesting to learn about. It is notably dissimilar to any other country I am familiar with.HealthcareHealth care was changed substantially between the 1950s and the 1980s however, this managed to cause a large boost in population growth causing the number of practises per person to be at an extreme low. In 1991, India had about 22,400 primary health centres, 11,200 hospitals and 27,400 dispensaries. (http//www.indianchild.com/health_care_in_india.htm) They managed to produce a tiered health care system that placed more difficult cuticles into the urban hospitals while attempting to provide medical examination care for most of the cases in the countryside this seems quite significant because most of the Indian population live in villages in the outer areas.Many of the hospitals were owned and managed by charitable trusts, and received some payment from the government, while the rest of the hospitals were managed by private trusts . Many of the medical equipment demand for the hospitals was limited as the money needed to by the products was scarce in the early 1990s. By 1992, however, most of the in camera owned hospitals were part of the government scheme for colleges and contained fair to middling medical equipment to treat all major types of diseases including cancer. (http//www.indianchild.com/health_care_in_india.htm) India has a free discussion at public health centres on the other hand however most of the public prefer to pay money for treatment by private physicians. This seems interesting as India is not known as a rich country so paying for treatment rather than take the free care seems to be a bit of a luxury, on the other hand, it shows that the standard of national free health care mustiness be at a poor standard.WelfareIn the case of welfare India is the same as everywhere else depending on its income to help it succeed. However, in India there are two scenarios with the richer parts of Ind ias population have no problem at all maintaining healthy living constantly all year round, however in the small villages of the less developed parts of India this can be an increasing problem with hot summers and no constant flow of tourists, times can seem very hard. (http//giik.net/blog/india-welfare/)With an rattling(a) population in the billions many people live out of the main cities and even further into the country this can make it hard for them to entrance fee medical centres and other vital aid that they may need. This contributes to the high death rate, lowering the average life expectancy.EducationIndias recent economic growth rates have helped them progress in the educational department. The story of Indias educational achievements is one of mixed success. On the negative side, India has 22 per cent of the worlds population and is home to a high proportion of the worlds out of school children and youths. On the positive side, it has made encouraging recent progress in facts of life schooling participation. While the base of Indias education may be weak, it has emerged as an important player in the worldwide information technology whirling due to the substantial numbers of well educated computing and other graduates.However it was not always this way in 1854, Sir Charles Woods introduced a new policy into Indias government, this was made to help those who have not got enough money to send their children to school, for help to be provided for them, so that all children would be treated equally. (Crisis and Change in Contemporary India)On the other hand, due to the marvelous population of the country they could not make the school scheme compulsory, as the government did not have enough money for all of the children that needed their help and support.Media and government of IndiaRelationships between the media and the government in India is not very different to the West European democratic model, however some historic and demographical aspects drove this relation in its own specification and pace. Recent changes in regulations of freedom and speech seems to follow global concept of independent media merchandise and broadcast news.The history of media in India began in the eighteenth century when the first prints were stretch forthed. Indian media has been relatively independent throughout most of their history, however, over the terminus of 1975-1977 Prime Minister Gandhi declared the period of emergency with potential government retribution. This incident has not changed freedom of Indian media in the long term. (http//india.mapsofindia.com/india-forum/media-in-india.html) right away Indian media markets with over 99 million newspaper copies in 2007, 60 million internet users in 2008 and large amounts of TV transmit is one of the leading media markets in the world. With a population of over one billion the Indian market is a lot to fight for. Major newspapers like The India Gazette, The Calcutta Gazette, The Madras Courier were initially carried under the British rule, however same as The Bombay Times most Indian publishers are now independent. The Press Council is a statutory body of journalists, publishers, academics and politicians, with a chairman appointed by the Government. knowing to be a self-regulating mechanism for the press, it investigates complaints of irresponsible journalism and sets a code of conduct for publishers. This code includes a commitment not to publish articles or details that might incite caste or communal violence. receiving set broadcasting became state responsibility in 1930. AM broadcasting remained a government monopoly. offstage FM radio station ownership was legalized during 2000, but licenses only authorized entertainment and educational content. Although there were privately owned radio send, they were not permitted to broadcast news. Major radio stations nowadays in India like All India Radio, Radio City, Big FM, Radio Mirchi are important informational channels all over the country. Some channels are more recognized as of the language dialect, but Hindoo spoken media with over 422 million speakers are the most popular.Complete telly broadcasting was initiated in 1965. The Government of India owned and maintained audio-visual apparatus and contend a significant role in increasing mass education and publishing information. Some TV projects were specifically designed to educate village population. Following the economic reforms of the 90s, major planet TV channels from around the world including BBC, CNN, CNBC and other foreign idiot box channels gained a foothold in the country. In 1993 there were over 47 million registered TV users. Private satellite television was distributed widely by cable or satellite dish. These channels provided substantial competition for Doordarshan, the government-owned television network, in both presentment and credibility. Doordarshan frequently was accused of manipulating the news in the Governm ents favour however, in some parts of the country satellite channel owners used their medium to make headway the platforms of the political parties that they supported. In addition, citizens had access to uncensored Cable News Network, the British Broadcasting Company and a variety of other foreign programs. Recently, with 562 television stations, the country ranked eighth in the list of countries by number of television broadcast stations as of 1997. Star Plus, Colors, Zee TV, DD1 are the top TV channels in 2009.Internet as the newest and the speedy growing media nowadays is the one that seems to be less influenced by Government regulations, however, some radical acts have also taken place in the past. The Government imposed limited access to the Internet. The Informational Technology Act provides for ban information on the Internet on public morality grounds, and it considers unlicenced access to electronic information a crime. According to Reporters Without Borders, this law allowed police officers to search the homes or offices of Internet users, at any time and without a warrant. But it was another way to fight against crime and allowing legal acts against those who are breaking the law. In practice, the internet is the most popular media worldwide and is the most powerful source of information in India, same as the rest of the world.The Constituti

Life And Health Insurance In Malaysia Economics Essay

Life And Health Insurance In Malaysia Economics Essay incoming posit Negara Malaysia (BNM) took everyplace the supervision of the damages application in 1988. The primary(a) reason for the move was to enable an integ judged approach in the ordinance and supervision of major(ip)(ip) financial institutions, in take in of the growing overlap of crossholdings and integration of affairs among banks and restitution companies. The sparingal environment may permit a profound effect on the growth of the indemnification industry.In Malaysia, the action of the amends industry in 1998 was affected by an stintingal downturn. The total and non- bread and butter indemnity premium income declined by 2.1% and 9.7% respectively whereas the deportment premium income experient a mooer positive growth pass judgment of 4.6% in 1998 (1997 13.5%) (BNM, 1999-2000). In line with the sustained economic recovery, the manners-time policy industry rebounded strongly to register an impre ssive double-digit premium growth in 1999, soaring tumesce above pre-crisis aims.The doing of the redress policy industry showed an improvement in 1999 quest the recovery of the Malaysian economy. The combined premium income of the restitution industry enter a growth of 8.5% (1998 -2.1%) to r severally RM11,829.9 million (1998 RM10,902.9 million). The demeanor sector has been the major contributor accounting for RM7,152.7 million (1998 RM6,217.2 million) or 60.5% of the premium income, while the rest balance of RM4,677.2 million (1998 RM4,685.7 million) represented premium income gene arrayd from the general sector. Premium income of the industry as a proportion of nominative gross national carre 4 (GNP) increased to 4.2% in 1999, comp ard with 4.1% in 1998.BACKGROUND OF RESEARCHIn Malaysia, BNM yearly history that been issued yearly regularly indicate policies and development of damages trade in Malaysia. to work through policies and measures to prep ar the industr y for the challenges posed by the smart requirements of the unexampled economy and the increasingly more liberalised merchandise environment. Several measures were initiated ask at improving market pe unclutterration through the promotion of new brio insurance products and in order to do that the process of formulating and determineing strategies remove to be d wizard to enhance the marketing channel for intenttime insurance business so that it back tooth achieve the desired penetration level and raking in all the advantages given by positive economic environment. In order to do that, first step that lease to be interpreted is to identify which macroeconomic variables that rightfully positively substantial to the ingest of conduct and wellness insurance market and from on that point on best conceptuality and strategies can be initiated to create accurate go out on the carry of flavor and health insurance market. Efforts were excessively made by Bank Negara Ma laysia to enhance the discipline and standards of conduct amongst lifespan insurance firm in Malaysia. paradox StatementStatistical data from BNM has shown that due to economic downturn in 1998, the slaying of insurance industry in Malaysia reportedly experienced interdict growth of -2.1%. ordinaryly, it shows that economic environment may possibly cast off direct influence on the deed of insurance industry in Malaysia as a whole. The combined premium income of the insurance industry recorded a growth of 8.5% in 1999 following the economic recovery situation.The life and health sector has been the major contributor accounting for RM7,152.7 million or 60.5% of the premium income, while the remaining balance of RM4,677.2 million represented premium income generated from the general sector. However, despite the vast potential for growth given the relatively low market penetration in Malaysia, domestic premium income to GNP was comparatively lower than that observed in more satur ated markets.This research request to done so that it can specifically identified which macroeconomic variables that really effect the growth of life and health sector in Malaysia in order to ensure that it can contribute clearly to ontogeny toll strategies to achieve a specific sales target for life and health business. Macroeconomics is the take on of the behavior of the overall economy and economic poses normally brood of variables such as real gross domestic product, splashiness, footing and population assiduousness. This study attempts to reckon the human affinity in the midst of macroeconomic variable to performance and demand of life and health insurance industry in Malaysia by using the LS depth psychology to prove that certain key macroeconomic environment may assimilate a profound and large effect on the growth of the life and health insurance market.As in the context of Malaysia, few studies has been carried pop to seek evidence of the relationship betwee n macroeconomic variables and performance of life insurance industry from Malaysia perspective but discordant studies comes out with non-homogeneous results as they argon using diametrical period of data and did not include health insurance data resembling this research and also holds unlike and variant macroeconomic variable. Study by Lim and Haberman (2002) indicate major findings of this study that the savings deposits rate and price change in insurance argon twain important macroeconomic variables associated with the demand for life insurance in Malaysia. Study conducted by Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) indicate that income has a positive relationship with life insurance demand. Life insurance becomes more affordable when income increases. They demonstrate two events of income variable in their study, namely gross domestic product and income per capita. Income per capita is defined as the gross domestic product divided by the size of the population but on the another(preno minal) hand, their finding also show an insignificant positive relationship between pompousness range and the performance of life insurance.Economists rehearse these type of data and variables to measure the performance of an economy and the focus on macroeconomic variables in this paper are, price of the life and health insurance product, ostentatiousness rates, income per capita and population density. This study is to further try outd the direct linkage between these economic environments and whether each one of key variables (price of the life and health insurance product, inflation rates, income per capita and population density) has direct influence on the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia. interrogation objectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of assorted macroeconomic variables towards performance of life and health insurance market in Malaysia.. The specific aims of this study areTo determine which various macroeconomic variables that might oblige influence on the performance of life and health insurance market in MalaysiaTo examine the relationship of each macroeconomic variables ie price of the product, income per capita, inflation rates and population density with the performance of life and health insurance market in MalaysiaTo identify which macroeconomic variables that influence the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia the to the nobleest degree.To suggest the most suitable and appropriate strategies that can be utilise to improve the performance of life and health insurance market in Malaysia by using all the advantages given by positive economic environmentResearch QuestionHow to determine which macroeconomic variables that influence the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia?Is there any relationship between each macroeconomic variables ie price of the product, income per capita, inflation rates and population density with the performance of life and health insuranc e market in MalaysiaWhich macroeconomic variables that influence the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia the most?What are the most suitable strategies that can be suggested to improve the performance of life and health insurance market in Malaysia by using all the advantages given by positive economic environment?Significance of Research/ Contribution to the body of knowledge in that location is no unique and integrated theory for life insurance demand. Research on the impact of macroeconomic variables towards performance of life and health insurance industry in Malaysia very scanty at best. Very dwarfish (if at all) is understood about the. urgent make for research counsel on the Malaysian industry and the Malaysian economic environment, which is unfamiliar to most readers. Hence, important impetuses for this research are established.1. The GovernmentThis research is important for the political relation to formulate policies, acts and regulations for the impro vement on the best strategies available in a suitable economic environment in order to develop and persist healthy demand on the insurance industry as a whole.2. The University/ AcademicianThis study will be utilise for reference and randomness for the students and academician who learn on insurance demesne, risk management or other connect fields. Students and lecturers can have an extra knowledge on information provided by the detective.3. Management team of Life insurer in MalaysiaThis research is important for the management team Life Office specially if changes or corrective actions are required due to the changes in various economic environments occur in Malaysia or globally. Hopefully, this research can jockstrap the management team of Life insurer in Malaysia able to implement and generate new strategies with regard to the suitable up-to-the-minute economic environment.4. General PublicPublic must know the factors that influence their purchase finish of life and he alth policy offered in the market. Besides, they also need to be alert and aware on the coverage offered by Life insurer in Malaysia. This research will help them to really identify the necessarily to buy life and health product and there is also a growing awareness among Malaysians of individual responsibility in financial preparation hence it directly will affect the demand of the said industry.5. The tecBy completing this research, the researcher has experienced and being exposed to bring in the economics side on the insurance industry as a whole and specifically on life and health sector which the researcher have never attempt before. It is a researcher attempt to view as a macroeconomists attempt in order to explain the economic side of this sector and to devise policies to improve its performance as economists use different models to examine different issues. Thus, other researcher might need the information to make their research in the future.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE brush up The performance for insurance is influenced by many factors and economic factors might be one of them. For example, inflation rate, income per capita and price of the product may affect the performance for insurance in a country. A number of studies have examined the effectuate of macroeconomic factors on the performance for life and health insurance. Among them are the studies conducted by Cargill and Troxel (1979), Babbel (1985), physiognomy and Kim (1993), Outreville (1996) and Rubayah and Zaidi (2000). The macroeconomic factors investigated in these studies are highlighted and discussed in brief below.fiscal Development.The findings of Outreville (1996) indicate that the level of financial development directly affects the development of life insurance sector. However, the findings are not statistically significant. Two different proxies have been utilize as a measurement for financial development. The first one is the ratio of quasi-money (M2-M1) to broad money (M2). This is an indicator for the complexity of financial structure. The heartbeat one is the broad definition of money (M2). It is an average nurture over four years. M2 is regarded as an adequate measure for the financial development in developing countries because banking is the predominant sector in the financial market of developing countries.Income.Lewis (1989), Hakansson (1969), Fischer (1973), Fortune (1973), and Campbell (1980) have shown that the demand for life insurance is positively jibe with income. As income increases, life insurance becomes more affordable. In addition, the need for life insurance increases with income as it protects dependents against the loss of anticipate future income due to unseasonable death of the wage earner.According to prior research (Beenstock, Dickinson, and Khajuria (1986), Browne and Kim (1993), Outreville (1996) the efficiency to pay insurance premium has been argued to be associate to the level of income. This is because, when there is an i ncrease of income levels, there follows a need for a financial performer to absorb the individuals surplus funds and to enable them to put in wealth. This shows the income level significantly affects the demand for life insurance.Two different measures have been use for disposable in-person income in the study of Babbel (1985). The single-year income is used as a proxy for human capital and the lead-year moving average income is used as a proxy for permanent income. The income variables are the real amounts of entirety disposable personal income. The nominal income values are deflated by the yearly average indices of personal consumption expenditure deflator to render the nominal values in constant dollar terms..The conclusion from Cargill and Troxel (1979), Babbel (1985), Browne and Kim (1993), Outreville (1996) and Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) substantiate that life insurance demand has a positive relationship with income. It shows when income increase, it can create more oppor tunity the life insurance becomes more affordable for people.In the study of Browne and Kim (1993), disposable personal income refers to the national income. It is defined as when the depreciation (capital consumption) and indirect business taxes have been taken remote from GNP. National income is a more accurate measurement of disposable personal income for a country than GNP or gross domestic product because national income is the income bring in by the various production factors it is refer to Browne and Kim (1993). Meanwhile, Outreville (1996) relates the income variable in his study as the real disposable income per capita. GDP is used as the basis for the disposable personal income. The income variable is expressed in analogue form and in logarithmic form.On the other hand, Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) identified GDP and income per capita have been the two types of income variable in their study. Income per capita is defined as the GDP divided by the size of the population. In t he initial stage, both the GDP and income per capita are found to have a positive relationship with the demand for life insurance but are not significant. It is only when stepwise regression analysis is applied in the later stage that GDP appears to have a significant positive relationship with the demand for life insurance but income per capita has been aborted. This is because income per capita contains the element of GDP and therefore multicollinearity exists because the two income variables are highly correlated.Inflation.If income has a positive relationship with demand for life insurance, it is different when Browne and Kim (1993) and Outreville (1996) did their research to find relationship for inflation. From their research, it shows that inflation has a significant negative relationship with life insurance demand. Inflation gives a diminish effect on the amount of insurance purchased in a country. Consequently, it makes the value of life insurance eroded. As the result, i t leads to the situation where insurance become little desirable good. High inflation tends to cause the purchasing of life insurance to be less attractive because of the rising approach of living.Meanwhile, Cargill and Troxel (1979) and Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) have revealed different result. Their findings are not in line with the findings of Browne and Kim (1993) and Outreville (1996). Measured up to between these two research, it has found Cargill and Troxel (1979) comparatively defined savings model (i.e. the model that takes into account the changes in policy loans besides the changes in life insurance reserves/savings and dividend accumulations) take a shit a significant result with the expected negative sign for this variable. It shows a week relationship between life insurance savings and price expectation. Meanwhile different with the findings of Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) it shows between inflation rates and the demand for life insurance has a significant positive relati onshipAn average inflation rate for the croak octette years, Browne and Kim (1993) has used an average inflation to represent the expected inflation rate. Meanwhile, Outreville (1996) uses a weighted average of realised price changes over the last five years as a measure of evaluate price change. Therefore, in Cargill and Troxel (1979) the price expectation in the study refers to the percentage changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over a period of 14 months. Moreover, Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) used in the same way apply the CPI as a basis for the anticipated rate of inflation in their study.A relegate from the research, in Cargill and Troxel (1979) the price expectation in the study refers to the percentage changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over a period of 14 months found on the data contained in the Livingston Survey that have been revised by Carlson. connaturally, Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) use the CPI as a basis for the anticipated rate of inflation in their stud y.Interest Rate.The findings on the relationship between affair rates and the demand for life insurance are questionable.Cargill and Troxel (1979) examine two kinds of fire rates in their study the competing fork out on other savings products and the revert earned by life insurers. The findings on the competing yield are inconsistent. However, the competing yield tends to be negatively related to life insurance savings. A higher have-to doe with rate on alternative savings products tends to cause insurance products to become less attractive as a savings instrument. The yield on newly issued AAA utility bonds is used to represent all the competing rates of return on alternative savings products. Cargill and Troxel (1979) include the current and twelve-quarter distributed lag variables of competing yields in their study. The lag variables are include to reflect the delayed reactions of savers towards new information regarding interest rates on savings because changes in interest rates are assumed to produce a lagged response. Likewise, the findings on the return earned by life insurers are mixed. However, the return earned by life insurers is frequently positively related to life insurance savings. Life insurers earning a higher rate of return tend to attract individuals to purchase insurance from them. The yield on industrial bonds placed privately with a representative group of life insurance companies is used as a proxy for the return earned by life insurers. It is the new money rate of return earned by the life insurers, not the average rate of return on the invested funds. Similar to the competing yield, the current and twelve-quarter distributed lags of the return earned by life insurers are include in the models to investigate the immediate and lagged responses of changes in interest rates on life insurance demand.Outreville (1996) has shown that the demand for life insurance has not fit(p) by the interest rate such as the real interest rate and the lending rate. The real interest rate is obtained by subtracting the anticipated inflation from the current bank discount rate. For the meantime, there are three types of interest rated, which are the personal savings rate, short-term interest and current interest rate has been identified by Rubayah and Zaidi (2000)The personal savings rate and short-term interest rate are found to influence significantly and negatively the demand for life insurance, despite the fact that the current interest rate is found to have no significant effect on life insurance demand. The personal savings rate refers to the interest rate offered by banks on normal savings, the short-term interest rate refers to the interest rate on three-month Treasury Bills, and the current interest rate refers to the give lending rate on bank borrowings.Price of Insurance.From Babble (1985) and Browne and Kim (1993), the findings reported with respect to the effect of price on the demand for life insurance are consisten t in the both studies. The price of insurance is significantly and inversely related to the demand for life insurance. A high insurance cost tends to discourage the purchasing of life insurance.The various insurance price indices in the study of Babbel (1985) are the net present cost per 1000 present-valued unit of insurance expected to be in staff office over any arbitrary time horizon selected based on the published policy values for a male of age 35. Specifically, the price index refers to the ratio of the present value of expected premium cost, net of dividends and accumulations of cash values, per 1000 present-valued unit of indemnification benefits expected to be received, in excess of the actuarially fair cost. Two different discount rates, namely the yields of 10-year flower grade municipal bonds and double-A-rated corporate bonds, are used to discount the expected future cash flows from the policies.Browne and Kim (1993) use the policy loading fringe as the price measure . It is the ratio of the life insurance premiums to the amount of insurance in force. In fact, it is the cost per dollar of life insurance coverage. hypothetical FrameworkINDEPENDENT VIARABLES (IV)Income per CapitaPerformance of Life and Health Insurance in MalaysiaPrice of the Product DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV)Inflation Rates macrocosm DensityFigure 1.6.1 Theoretical FrameworkSources Adapted from Shimp, T.A (2003) Pitta, et. Al. (2006) Rowley, (1998) Ndubisi, N.O., and Chew, (2006)HypothesesHo Income per Capita is not significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.H1 Income per Capita is significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Ho Price of the Product is not significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.H1 Price of the Product is significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Ho Inflation rates is not significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.H1 Inflation rates is significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Ho population density is not significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.H1 Population density is significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY every(prenominal) data in this study are secondary in nature. lower-ranking data is used in finding the resources for this study. Secondary data are statistic not gathered for the immediate study at hand, but for round other purpose. The data related to the demand for life insurance are obtained from the following annual reports the Annual accounting of the Insurance Commissioner and the Annual Report of the Director General of Insurance.The researcher has gathered the external information from various types of annualreports Monthly Statistical Bulletin, Economic Report, Annua l Insurance Report of the Bank Negara Malaysia. Materials obtained online are gathered from the official websites of BNM and Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). Besides, the sources like books, newspapers, journals and internet that were relevant to the research topic were used. All the sources have been referred end-to-end the findings and analysis of the research. Researcher will psychoanalyze the data gathered to verification the evidence that various macroeconomic factors influenced the growth and performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Scope of the studyBasically the scope of this study focuses on the macroeconomic variables ie income per capita, inflation rates, price of the product and population density that effect the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia. There are lots of other macroeconomic variables that can be contributed to the economic growth of Malaysia but this research shall only involved four key factor as for the remaining balance of variables can be included in the future studies as an extension from this research.The research area for this study is from Malaysia perspective only and the time frame shall be from 1998 to 2008 only.selective information AnalysisE Views version 6.0 applications were used by the researcher to analyze the data that have been gathered throughout the research process. The data need to be analyzed in order to obtain accurate respond for the question. The Multiple Regression Model will be used to hazard the relationships in the construct. The Regression assumptions with respect to autocorrelation ( autonomous of residual), normality (residual is normally distributed), homoscedasticity of error terms, multicollinearity of independent variables will be verified before making any adaptation of the statistical results.