Voices :: Biology Essays Research Papers

VoicesWhat is your worst nightmare? What if the entire human population thought of you as defective and criticized you harshly? How about having several voices screaming at you for any little thing that you did wrong? What would life be like if you couldnt decipher truth from imagination? These are common scenarios that schizophrenics deal with e very(prenominal) hour of the day -- they send awayt wake up from their nightmare. A living hell. A torture chamber innocent of walls. Like a schizophrenic poet wrote, I live in a closet. Unlike most closets, mine is invisible. No one else can see it or touch it or even come inside to keep me company. Nevertheless, its imprisoning walls and terrifying darkness are very real, (3). The loneliness that this poet, Pamela Wagner, feels is excruciating, yet what is it about schizophrenia that makes the victim so alone? What makes the disease so isolating and detrimental to ones existence? These questions are answered here by the voices of those who have first-hand experience as paranoid schizophrenics. non only are some symptoms of schizophrenia discussed, but also the turmoil one goes through with(predicate) with medication as well.Albeit that their have been many case studies performed by psychologists, the words of a schizophrenic give new meaning to the disease. For paranoid schizophrenia, an increase in recent literature reveals the point of view of the ill person. No two cases are exactly the same, so what follows is a conglomeration of experiences of paranoid schizophrenia survivors. As one schizophrenic has stated The schizophrenic experience can be a terrifying journey through a world of madness no one can understand, particularly the person traveling through it. It is a journey through a world that is deranged, empty and devoid of anchors to truthfulness. You feel very much alone. You find it easier to withdraw than cope with a reality that is incongruent with your fantasy world. You feel tormented by distort ed perceptions. You cannot distinguish what is real from what is unreal. Schizophrenia affects all aspects of your life. Your thoughts race and you feel fragmented and so very alone with your craziness, (6). Paranoid schizophrenia is a very debilitating disease -- it takes over ones life and creates a downward spiral into ones own surreal world. No longer can one communicate or relate to other people. Reality is distorted to fit the pattern of paranoia inside ones mind.

Pygmalion and Society at the Time Essay -- Papers

Pygmalion and Society at the Time In this essay I pull up stakes be discussing Bernard Shaws representation of Edwardian Society in Pygmalion. Shaw was a atom of the Fabian Society a collection of middle physical body people who believed that capitalism had created an unjust and unfair society. They were concerned about the unreasonable and imbalanced class system of the time and wanted to reconstruct society, creating an equal and fair civilisation with no class divide, which was so blatantly obvious due to the ignorance between classes. The rich lived lifestyles of luxury the men would earn livings through land and property they owned and through careers such as scientists, lawyers and accountants. In the summer, they enjoyed a whole season of entertainment at their London house for tea and dinner parties, dances and visits to the theatre. In winter, they had holidays abroad and spent weekends at each separates country houses. The men went shooting and hunting and the ladies entertained themselves long horse riding. Meanwhile, the poor were struggling on the dirty streets earning a pittance for manual jobs in workhouses and places similar. Conditions for them were sometimes so bad that they were forced to live in ridiculously over-crowded houses with other poor families. They could not afford new clothes or even food at times. They could certainly not afford luxuries like the rich enjoyed. The climb of Elizas home and Mrs. Higgins home show the both the pitiable living condition of the poor and the far from modest living conditions of the wealthy. Eliza can only afford the basic needs a place to sleep, one set of clothes and limited light... ...h man, I sold flowers not myself. Elizas ability to reprimand Higgins is a bit of a disconcert for Higgins, as he is being scolded by someone who he had always considered lower than him. This illustrates again the fact that money does not buy you respec t or manners and does not make you a good person. Shaw wanted the middle classes to realise and consider the working class. He was convinced that the way to alleviate the enigma of poverty in society was to provide equal opportunity for all. This message is depicted in Elizas transformation. Shaw also attacks middle class values and brands them hypocrites. He suggests that pic to working class values might do them some good and teach them a valuable lesson. It is an influential message from start to finish and will persuade many people to consider others more.

Prescription Obesity Drugs Essay -- Pharmaceuticals

1.Has FDA provided sufficient guidance to guide development and registration of prescription fast medications? If you agree, provide examples of what you consider sufficient advice (including control of publication). I believe the FDA does provide sufficient guidance on the development and registration of prescription diet medications. In 2007, FDA issued draft guidance that clearly defines their expectations to pretend potentness (weight step-down and maintenance of weight difference after 1 years treatment). It also indicates an effective product should provide improvements in blood line pressure, lipids, and glycaemia therefore changes in common weight-related comorbidities need factored into clinical trial to assess efficacy. FDA also states it expects to see drug-mediated weight reduction demonstrated to result from a loss of body fat verified through advance screening tools. From a safety perspective, the FDA states the drug should not adversely affect cardiovascular fun ction curiously highlighting cardiac valvulopathy. 2.Has FDAs grounds for rejecting the NDAs of prescription diet pills in the last 10 years been establish on safety/efficacy concerns? In 2010 alone, three drugs reviewed by the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee (EMDAC) have failed to gain approval. EMDAC felt each drug (naltrexone/bupriopion, lorcaserin and phentermine/topiratate) had impossible safety issues (particularly cardiovascular risk profiles). The committee also concluded that lorcaserin did not provide enough convincing evidence of efficacy and safety to gain approval. EMDAC asseverate lack of diversity in the soma 3 trial population might result in efficacy of the drug being overstated piece of music potential safety risks understated. Whi... ...FDA. (2010). FDA Briefing schedule NDA 22529 Lorqess (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets, 10 mg. Sponsor Arena Pharmaceuticals Advisory Committee. Retrieved from http//www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycomm ittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/endocrinlogicalandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm225631.pdfFDA. (2007). Guidance for Industry. Developing Products for Weight Management. Retrieved from http//www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071612.pdf FDA. (2011).Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC). Retrieved from http//www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/PartnershipsCollaborations/PublicPrivatePartnershipProgram/ucm231132.html McCallister, E. (2011). BioCentury, fleshiness Reset. Retrieved from http//www.biocentury.com/promotions/obesity/next-generation-of-obesity-drugs-unlikely-to-reach-regulators-before-2014.html Prescription Obesity Drugs Essay -- Pharmaceuticals1.Has FDA provided sufficient guidance to guide development and registration of prescription diet medications? If you agree, provide examples of what you consider sufficient advice (including date of publication). I believe the FDA does provide sufficient guidance on the development and registration of prescription diet medications. In 2007, FDA issued draft guidance that clearly defines their expectations to judge effectiveness (weight reduction and maintenance of weight loss after 1 years treatment). It also indicates an effective product should provide improvements in blood pressure, lipids, and glycaemia therefore changes in common weight-related comorbidities need factored into clinical trial to assess efficacy. FDA also states it expects to see drug-mediated weight reduction demonstrated to result from a loss of body fat verified through advance screening tools. From a safety perspective, the FDA states the drug should not adversely affect cardiovascular function particularly highlighting cardiac valvulopathy. 2.Has FDAs grounds for rejecting the NDAs of prescription diet pills in the last 10 years been based on safety/efficacy concerns? In 2010 alone, three drugs reviewed by the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee (EMDA C) have failed to gain approval. EMDAC felt each drug (naltrexone/bupriopion, lorcaserin and phentermine/topiratate) had unacceptable safety issues (particularly cardiovascular risk profiles). The committee also concluded that lorcaserin did not provide enough convincing evidence of efficacy and safety to gain approval. EMDAC cite lack of diversity in the phase 3 trial population might result in efficacy of the drug being overstated while potential safety risks understated. Whi... ...FDA. (2010). FDA Briefing Document NDA 22529 Lorqess (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets, 10 mg. Sponsor Arena Pharmaceuticals Advisory Committee. Retrieved from http//www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/endocrinlogicalandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm225631.pdfFDA. (2007). Guidance for Industry. Developing Products for Weight Management. Retrieved from http//www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071612.pdf FDA. (2011) .Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC). Retrieved from http//www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/PartnershipsCollaborations/PublicPrivatePartnershipProgram/ucm231132.html McCallister, E. (2011). BioCentury, Obesity Reset. Retrieved from http//www.biocentury.com/promotions/obesity/next-generation-of-obesity-drugs-unlikely-to-reach-regulators-before-2014.html

Music: The Power of Plot :: Music Theory Essays

Music The Power of Plot People relate to music. We sing it. We cry to it. We trick to it. The reason we can see ourselves in music. We can let go of our feelings and just relate to the words or the instruments. One way the songwriter connects the attendee to the music is through plot the problem or reaction to a problem a character/singer is expressing. Whether it is a fight with a lover, a fight with a friend, finding a lover/friend, or any other, the plot is helps the listener relate to the song. Currently in my CD player is a live recording of Jill Scott at a concert. Most of her songs have to do with life & love. Take for example the song Gettin in the Way. This song is more or less a woman trying to steal her man. She tells her to step back beca usance the woman is getting in the way of what I am feeling. The sequence of events in this song is interesting. In the commentary she explains that this song is about principle. First she says to the woman to n icely step back. Then she says it in a harsher tone I know you dont understand, but sister girl, you gotta get off my man. Finally, she says I am about to go off in your face You better chill Clearly the passage of arms in the song is clear and can be easily related to the listeners lives. Lets look at another example, To Zion by Lauryn featuring Carlos Santanna. The song is about an unplanned pregnancy. She talks about how she touched my belly overwhelmed. She was told by many people to be smart / look at your career they said / Lauryn, baby, use your head. However, she chooses to use her heart and keep the baby. The name of her son is Zion, which gives light to the next verse Now the joy of my world is in Zion.

Justifying the Ways of God in Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- Papers M

Justifying the Ways of divinity fudge in Miltons nirvana LostThrough Paradise Lost, Milton ?justifies the ways of deity to men?, he explains why man fell and how he is affected by the fall. He shows that although man had a fall it was a fortunate fall, ?felix culpa?. As a result of the fall there are bad outcomes that man and women will endure but it was a fulfillment of God?s purpose. In creating man, God gave him free will he created him a perfect being but ?free to fall?. In God?s plan man will fall by his own fault. This allows God to show mercy on man and allow man to chose to be pliant and to love God by his own choice and to eventually end up in a better place. If man had not fallen then(prenominal) there would be no coming of Christ the savior, and no redemption, which are apart of God?s plan. When Christ dies for man, he begins the process of redemption starring(p) to the Last Judgement Day and to a new earth and heaven. Although mankind will suffer consequences , they will find grace and mercy through God?s glory and through experience and knowledge they will be able to express sincere love and know true happiness.Milton begins this epic metrical composition by telling men what is going to happen to man through God?s prophecy. God speaks of the fall and the ultimate outcome. When God created mankind he gave them free will, this free will is what allowed them to fall. God gave them free will because without freedom there would be no evidence that man?s love is unfeigned ? Not free, what proof could they have giv?n sincere? (III, 103). God allows Satan to rally his troops and continue on his battle against heaven ?And high liberty of all-ruling-Heaven/ Left him at large to his own dark designs? (I, 212-13). God does this because Sat... ...ghest victory? (XII, 568-69). Finally Adam expresses that he will never leave Paradise because he will always have it within him ?but shalt possess/ A paradise within thee, happier far? (XII, 586-8 7). Adam takes what he can from the fall and makes it to his go around ability, a fortunate one. Eve has had the pain of child birthing put on her as a punishment. She takes this a makes it a good thing ?I carry hence though all by me is lost,/Such favor I unworthy vouchsafed,/ By me the Promised Seed shall all restore? (XII 621-23). Eve is give tongue to that isn?t even worthy of this gift, ?favor?, creating her own felix culpa out of herfall. Adam and Eve disobeyed God and for that there were punishments, however they both turned it around and make it the best as possible. Works CitedMilton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Scott Elledge. 2nd ed. New York Norton, 1975.

Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

Contrast Between Hamlet, Laertes And FortinbrasHamlet (prince of Denmark) can be greatly compared to Laertes (son of a noble), and Fortinbras (prince of Norway) in the play. They all are very similar merely yet different at the same time. They all had love and respect for their fathers and felt the need to avenge their deaths, which all were brutally killed. All three believed that the murderers had dishonoured their fathers as well as themselves. They all reacted and took different approaches in attempt to restore honour in their families. Hamlet seems to be the one who lets things dwell in his perspicacity before taking any action or making an attempt at trying to get on with his life. After the death of his father he becomes depressed and gradually becomes enraged with his mothers immediate marriage to his uncle Claudius. He was lead to believe his father died of natural cause but he became aware of the murderer when his fathers ghost appeared to him. When Hamlet learns the tru th of his fathers murder, he cries, but promises action, though he delivers none. He says bang me to knowt, that I, with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love, may sweep to my revenge. (Act 1, Sc. 5, 29-31). At the end of the scene he says The time is issue of joint O cursed spite, that ever I was born to set it right (Act 1, Sc. 5, 188-189). This shows that he is no longer in such a flush to avenge his fathers death by killing his uncle Claudius. The appearance of...

My Favourite Character – “To Kill a Mocking Bird”

This Essay is ab bulge out my favourite character in To Kill a Mocking Bird. She is one of the biggest, most important characters she is considered the main character. She is truly important for she helps narrate this story. She helps with the story by describing her thoughts and feelings that is one of the main reasons why I like her. She also helps to develop the plot, themes, and helps to emphasize some of the symbolism. Her name is Jean-Louis, provided we all know her as lookout. ticker is a daughter, a sister and a friend.She is a huge tomboy and she likes to prove it to every one. She prefers to hang out boys rather than girls, and so she does, she spends most of her time with her brother Jem, and in the summers, her cousin Dill. In the beginning of the book Scout is only a young progress of 9, throughout the novel she gets older just like the rest of the characters, and also matures along with her older brother Jem. Although Scout isnt going through the similar stages a s Jem she matures just as much.Jems turning into a teenager, while Scout is getting older, and is discovering how the world works. The era of this book is set back to well-nigh the years 1861 to 1865 this was when the civil war was happening, along with the discrimination of African Americans. Racism is a huge theme in To Kill a Mocking Bird. Scout doesnt really under stand that racism isnt good, but its not her fault, because she has lived with it and doesnt know any different.In that time blacks were known as lesser human beings. The whites were known to be greater than any other race Scout didnt know that this was wrong, so she went with it. During the trail, one of the biggest parts of this novel, Scout discovers a little bit about racism. The trial is about how an African American is being accused for the rape of a Caucasian woman, during the trial a lot of discrimination happens to the defendant, this is when Scout discovers racism.

Juvenile Violence Due to Media Essay

Depending on the person that is playing the plays and watching certain media, it poop affect juvenile violence. My p atomic number 18nts werent to a fault strict on me as a child, so I had the freedom to watch and play anything I wanted to. Where as in my case I do not deal I have been affected to the exposure of violent video grainys or television violence. But there ar new(prenominal)s that arent as mentally stable and can be affected by violent television and video game. The step of television violence and video games we are exposed to are greater and more easily accessed to than ever so before. Every time I turn on the television I can ever find a show about murder or someone dying or getting hurt. I believe as humans we are interested in the idea of death and injury so directors and producers make shows like C.S.I, House, and Law and Order. Shows that have some kind of violence are elicit to us. The most popular video games out there today are first person shooters.I was first exposed to a shooting game on xbox at the age of 13. It was called Halo, and is still one of the most popular games out there today. Now the game that everyone is playing called Call of Duty. It is a game where you are in the United States military and killing hundreds of enemies. Now the military are using video games to train their troops and if we are exposing are youth to that character of material it has to have some kind of effect on them. According to Adam Thierer on cutthroat Video Games & Youth Violence, Such a causal relationship is even more dubious today since all Americans, especially youngsters, are surrounded by a much wider variety of media than ever before. Even though television viewing has gone down slightly in recent years, it has been due to the rise of other media substitutes that command the attention of children, including the Internet, prison cell phones and video games.Overall, therefore, it appears that children are consuming as much, if not more, media than ever before. Our youth has more access to media now a days then in then in the past. More and more television shows have some type of sexual or violent plot to them and exposing it to our youth can take up to a monkey see monkey do type effect to them. I know I always wanted to be the Rock, the famous matman. I would dress up like him and do his wrestling moves in the living room. Now I was doing these violent moves at my house and pretending to be lace someone up, I never took the pretend wrestling outside my house and used it on another classmate. I watched wrestling a lot, and never got into a fight all of my time in school. So there is some kind of misconnection between violence on television and violent youth.There were other babys in my 3rd grade class that were bringing these violent wrestling moves to school and acting like they were Triple H a famous wrestler at that time. I can remember one kid who got into trouble for fighting and he was the one that was using the wrestling moves on another kid who had no idea that it was coming. That same kid is now in jail for robbery that I saw a few months ago on my local anesthetic news. So there are some individuals that are influenced by violent television but it depends on the type of person that is watching these shows. I believe it finally ends up with the decision of the juveniles parent to let them watch these shows. My parents let me watch them because they knew I wouldnt be doing these types of things just because I saw it on television.The kid who I mentioned earlier who is in jail did not have a very stable home life and his parents credibly didnt know if he was watching these shows, and if they did, they probably wouldnt of let him watch these shows because he was very unstable. Violent video games are widely interchange and are easily accessed to. The games that are violent have a M for mature a rating made by the surgeon general for the amount of violence and adult content i n them. You are suppose to be 18 or older to purchase these items but correspond to mystery shopper studies by the U.S. Federal Trade consignment found that young teens ages 13 to 16 were able to purchase M-rated games 85% of the time. So these ratings are very rarely managed by the retailers selling these games.According to a 1999 survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, 83% of children ages 8 to 18 reported having at least one video game comfort in their home, and 45% had one in their bedroom. In addition, 74% have at least one computer at home. Fifty-five percent of boys and 23% of girls said they played video games on a typical day, with nearly 20%, primarily boys, playing an action or combat game. These study was through in 1999, I am sure these numbers have dramatically increased with this now being the digital age, and the easily access we have to this type of material.Some experimental studies have found that aggressive thoughts or behavior increase after playing a particu lar video game according to video game research and public policy. So playing these games can lead to aggressive behavior. Exposing our youth to television violence and violent video games can be damaging for certain juveniles. The media does have a rating system on them for a reason. As adults we need to enforce this rating system and wangle our children when they are being exposed to it.ReferencesAnderson CA An update on the effects of playing violent video games. J Adolesc 2004 27113122 Federal Trade Commission Marketing Violent Entertainment to Children A Review of Self-Regulation in Industry Practices in the Motion Picture, Music Recording & Electronic Game Industries. Washington, DC, FTC, 2000 Roberts DF et al. Kids & Media the New Millennium. Menlo Park, Calif, Kaiser Family Foundation, 1999 Thierer, Adam. Violent Video Games & Youth Violence What Does Real-World Evidence. February 9, 2010

Functions of the Family Essay

Over the years, the textbook definition of the family has disappe atomic number 18d. E very(prenominal) family is unique and has its own impulsive and for the most part, ordering has learned to adapt to these changes. From homosexual couples, to dual income families or even single pargonnts, families have learned to survive based on their unique situations, as unconnected to the exercisealist idea of the ideal family which involves heterosexual parents and children, who through proper socialization and acceptance of social norms, work to meet the needs of society (Functionalist). Although each family is different, there are six functions of the family that work together to move on each society functioning. Each one of these functions plays an important role in each household and works to keep Canada a strong country (Holloway & Witte, 2010, p. 8).Coming from a single parent home, my family has always battled the stereotype that single parents cannot support their children. Just like sociologist Marrissa Hick says in her article The Single Parent Battle on Stereotypes, this is not always the case. Single parents can be just as capable of caring and providing for their families as dual parent households (Hick, 2014, p. 1), and I am living proof of this. My pop music has raised me as come up as my two other sisters and we have neer had to worry about our economic situation. Just like most other families, we successfully take on the sixth function of a family by execute the economic function of producing and consuming goods and services (Holloway & Witte, 2010, p. 9).For a family of four including one man, and three teenage girls, grocery shopping is a mandatory part of our periodical schedule. By grocery shopping, we are not only building the economy and supporting the government through taxes, we are also helping business owners defend money and continue to sustain their work. Without families like ours constantly providing for these businesses, many o f them would fail and the government would not be as strong since not as practically money would be coming in from businesses. My dad is not simply a single parent, he is also a Doctor, and his income helps provide for our family as well up as provide support to families in need of his services. The family is both the fundamental unit of society as well as a major witness of a countries economic success, which is wherefore my families role is a very important one.People do not always understand the fragility of a scratch line impression, so we a great deal take them for granted. We refuse to acknowledge the fact that these impressions have the ability to gravely shape a relationship or precede us wherever we go. It is for these reasons that I believe that the third function of a family socializing children, is one of the most important ones (Holloway & Witte, 2010, p. 8). In his book Key Ideas in Sociology, Martin Slattery negotiation about anti-social behavior, as behavior tha t threatens the values and norms of society. This behavior can lead to acts of discrimination, crime or deviance of any kind (Slattery, 2003, p. 134). Growing up with an African father, I learnt very young that none of these behaviors would be accepted, so I was socialized in order to act in an appropriate manner no matter where I was or whom I was with, which made me a very adaptable person.This function relates heavily to the law enforcement system in Canada since several anti-social behaviors often lead to criminal acts. Some Common examples of anti-social behavior are excessive noise and nuisance behavior, being drunk or rowdy in overt places, vandalism, graffiti and other damage to property and leaving rubbish or litter lying around. An ASBO is a court order, which can be made on anyone aged 10 or older who has acted in an anti-social manner. An ASBO is a civil order, not a criminal penalty, which means that it wont appear on a persons criminal record. However, breaking the te rms of an ASBO is a criminal offense, which could mean a fine or a prison reprobate of up to five years (Anti-social behavior). When families properly socialize their children, all of this trouble can be avoided thus keeping the child as well as people around them safe.My parents started having children very soon after their marriage since as very religious people, procreation is very important to both of them. This is why they confab the first function of a family reproduction, as the most important role. As I have continued to grow, I too have begun to see the great value of this function. Having children is no longer the economic necessity it used to be children arent needed to work to support their families, or needed as soldiers or even created just so families can fight the high child mortality rates (Holloway & Witte, 2010, pp. 11-12). Children no longer have such interpretation responsibilities and are often born simply to bring happiness to a person or persons.Although this may be so, for several institutions in Canada, having children is still very beneficial. According to a functionalist, thefunction of the family is to ensure the progression of society by reproducing and socializing new members (Functionalism). Population growth promotes a wealthier economy as well. Children are consumers of goods and services which helps make money for businesses and the government. Children are also a very important part of the education system, since without children many school systems would not be necessary. My dad always tells me that children are our future, without children there would be no possibility of a future for Canada.Many religions also value children, so they also see this function as very important. For example, in Islam, a woman is meant to be married and bear children as part of her duty in life, sex is not for fun it is only to ensure that procreation is possible. It is believed that the strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home. This belief is the reason that the way a family functions is so important families are needed in order for a society to thrive. A country can only truly be successful when each family, no matter the dynamic is working hard to properly perform their function. Whether it is by supporting, businesses, the government, and education systems or simply adhering to religious customs, family functions work with other institutions to maintain balance and success at heart a society.Reference ListAnti-social behaviour. (n.d.). Retrieved September 15, 2014, from http//www.nidirect.gov.uk/anti-social-behaviourFunctionalism. (2011, May 6). Retrieved September 13, 2014, from http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/functionalism.htmHolloway, M., & Holloway, G. (2010). Individuals and families Diverse perspectives. Toronto McGraw-Hill Ryerson.Slattery, M. (2003). Key ideas in sociology. Cheltenham Nelson Thornes.

The Feminist Aesthetics of Virginia Woolf: Modernism, Post-Impressionism, and the Politics of the Visual Essay

ModernismIntroduction Modernism can entail three similar meanings. Firstly, moderneism can mean novelty or innovation, implying something that contrast the old and hence coif crosswise a certain conviction in progress. Secondly, various open meaning refers to the modern episode understood, from philosophical perspective, as linked to rationality, critical thinking and the era since the 18th century, which started to highlight reason as an approach of aim examination of realism that is strongly linked with empiricism in philosophy. Thirdly, modernism is linked with definite tendency in arts starting in the deep 19th century that highlight psychology, subjective arrive and non-mimetic, irrational replica of macrocosm as revealed in the whole shebang of plant of most European and American authors, and the swear outs of avant-garde among other poetic tendencies. In contrast of postmodernism view of the solid ground, modernism especially of the early 20th century and after th e First universe War, struggled to present a literary work in regard to chaotic post World War I reality, but too as a whole, though fragmented, resulting to a transcendental sense. Modernism was also a rejoinder to conventional realistic representation techniques that assay to mimic reality modernist literary works put weight on skewed experience instead of a conviction in likelihood of a literary work to put across the objective connotation and reality (Caughie, 2007.pp 23). Modernism was excited by a new era of large scale production, new era of industrialism, especially in the USA and Great Britain, technological changes as well as socio-historical proceedings and atmosphere of the era. Changes in the socio-economic and industrial structure called for new perception of the world. Scientific interventions and industrial production bemuse stirred technological progress and the increased alienation in the rapidly developing urban surroundings. However, scientific changes and i ndustrial production have also led to skepticism linked with the abuse of technologies for genocide during the World War I. Although, modernism is usually fragmented and experimental, arts and literary works provided an artistic and artistic knowledge as a substitute to the depressive and chaotic reality (Caughie, 1991.pp 18). In contrast to realistic literary works which emphasize on mimetic rule of imitation of reality that is the literature that revealed the world as knowable, imitable and knowable via language, reason and experience, the modernist literature presented a incredulous representation on such a vision of reality and the cap cleverness of literature to provide a truthful, objective and objective portrait of reality. Modernist literature emphasized on mind, psychology, subjective experience and interior(a) living of slips instead of describing the class conflict, external, outer and social reality. Modernist literature was connected not only to universal skepticism of the post World War I era, but also with growing mistrust of philosophers, scientists, scholars and artists in the capacity of reason to grasp, comprehend and elucidate reality. According to aesthetic and philosophical perspective, modern literature highlights postmodernist ontological and epistemological aspects. Friedrich Nietzsche contributed a lot in literature where he theorized mans will to unreliability and power of language to represent the world. Ludwig Wittgenstein dealt with philosophy of language and the unexpected meaning it produces via the language games, and Sigmund Freud understood human being as irrational rather rational being driven by familiar desires, unconscious forces and suppressed dreams. Martin Heidegger is another significant philosopher who has influenced not only modernist, but also postmodernist thinking, especially in relation to the language and the representation of reality through it. Heidegger acknowledged language as a defective medium of ref erring to realism and highlighted its authority to generate unforeseen and unrestrained meanings. Anton Pokrivcak gives a summary of the edition between postmodernism and modernism as follows The shift from modernism to postmodernism is understood as the shift within ontology from determinacy to indeterminacy of being, from transcendence to immanence, from symbol to allegory, from the world of ideology to the world of play (Pokrivcak 199839), and this shift, in his view, can be also characterized as the substitution of a semantic way of making sense for a semiotic genius. In their literature, modernist fiction writers of 20th century such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf maintained the ideas and subjectivized human experience and highlighted on inner subjective experience as mostly expressed by maiden person narrator and stream-of-consciousness narrative method, a term overtaken from psychological theories of William James. Modernist writers thus subjectivized knowledge and, in their literary works, brought forth the suggestion that the globe cannot be impartially known only instinctively perceived by human brain. Subjectivity manifested typically itself-importance, as it was highlighted above, in the first person narrative and the use of the stream-of-consciousness narrative technique bringing forth the subjective view of reality by human brain. In modernist fictional works, baffled reality revealed itself in authors utilization of fragmentary composition, non-chronological and in a portrayal of the relations between the characters. The use of non-linear, non-chronological time and fragmentary composition portrayed a latest responsiveness of the chaotic world and the estrangement as a result of new era and life in the cities. Alienation reveals itself in the characters connection to work, society, the city and other characters that can at last lead to the emotions of nihilism. Moreover, alienation is intimately associated to uncertainty which reveals itself in the characters attitudes to the people. Modernist literature is regularly parodic and ironic. Parody and Irony ar used as a type critique both of rational or idealistic literary convention and of the world. Modernist writers habitually utilize ancient mythology that ar altered and recontextualized in a recent context and therefore they become recent myths associated to modernist cultural knowledge. Virginia Woolf, an English modernist writer, provides that In or about December, 1910, human character changed. The two statements meant a conviction that the community and its responsiveness had altered in 20th century and, simultaneously, a conviction in the likelihood of fresh types of arts, which would reflect a new scientific progress, awareness but also cynicism and turmoil of the recent age. Modernist literature incorporated the procedures of innovative technologies, social media among other types of art to put across this responsiveness of an innovative period. Vigini a Woolf contribured immensely to postmodernism through her literal work Literature in quest and quest of itself. Woolf raised various questions since her literal works emphasized on social contexts and narrative strategies. Viginia Woolf was regarded as an exemplar of a high modernist aesthetics in early 1970s. However, Woolfs literal works poke out to receive major criticism who considers her as an exemplar of a feminist writing practice. Virginia Woolf literal works not only emphasized on feminist politics and modernist aesthetics, but it also took keen interest in the status and nature of the fiction itself. Virginia Woolf is famous for great achievement in regard to the modern novel and her exceptional style of writing in highlighting major issues especially in feminist writing. In the novels, To The Lighthouse and Mrs Dolloway, Woolf evaluate the relations, both fundamental and superficial and how they are applied to the greater epistemological questions of being and life. W oolf put a balance to the significance of individual self and the communication of individual self with fellow human beings through representation of a set of often ambiguously interrelated characters. Woolf has skillfully succeeded to provide the attracter with subversive keys to her view of life and its meaning. Woolf vision of life and its meaning balances the crucial character of individual and relational exploration and dependence (Goldman, 1998.pp 92). Woolf was interested in revealing the connection between future, olden and life. Woolf literal works was aimed at explaining how humanitys eventual purpose prevails in an ambiguous balance between ourselves and others in the sphere of social and rational achievement. Postmodern literal work is a fraction of historical and socio-cultural development and can be seen as a detailed manner of a portrayal of the postmodern life and culture. It shows a crisis of identity of human being and its struggle for legitimization in a hypocr itical society (Rosenberg, 2000.pp 59). Virginia Woolf literal works help the leader to understand the connection between modernism and epistemological quest for meaning. According to aesthetic and philosophical perspective modernist literature emphasize on postmodernist ontological and epistemological aspects. In conclusion, modernism can imply three similar meanings. First, modernism can mean novelty or innovation. Modernism can also imply modern period based on the association between reality and empiricism of philosophy. Last, modernism can be associated with arts. Modernism is different from postmodernism because it attempted to bring out literary work based on reality though in a fragmented approach, thus creating transcendental meaning. Modernism was stimulated by new large scale production and industrialism in USA and Great Britain. Though fragmented, literary arts and works provided an aesthetic and artistic experience as an option to the depressive and chaotic reality. Mod ernist works such as that of Virginia Woolf revealed a skeptical view on such a vision of reality and the ability of a literary work to offer a truthful, objective representation of reality. Modernist literature emphasized on subjective, inner life, mind and psychology of characters instead of charge on class conflict and social reality. Virginia Woolf was famous for her great contribution in modernist literature, though she faces a lot of criticism from various authors who believe her work was only from feminism politics and theory of postmodernism.ReferencesCaughie, PamelaL. Postmodern and Poststructuralist Approaches to Virginia Woolf.(2007) Print.Caughie, PamelaL. Virginia Woolf & Postmodernism Literature in Quest & Question of Itself.(1991) Print.Colonial Anxiety and Primitivism in Modernist Fiction Woolf, Freud, Forster, Stein. N.p.,n.d.. Print.Da, sylva N. T. Modernism and Virginia Woolf. Windsor Windsor Publications,1990. Print.Goldman, Jane. The Feminist Aesthetics of Vir ginia Woolf Modernism, Post-Impressionism, and the Politics of the Visual. Cambridge Cambridge UP,1998. Print.Goldman, Jane. The Feminist Aesthetics of Virginia Woolf Modernism, Post-Impressionism, and the Politics of the Visual. Cambridge Cambridge UP,1998. Print.modernism-postmodernism. modernism. N.p., n.d. Web. 3Dec.2014. .Rosenberg, BethC. Virginia Woolfs Postmodern Literary History. Mln 3(2000) 25. Print.Source document

Physio Cardio Lab Report Answers Essay

1. excuse how the body establishes a pressure sensation gradient for fluid incline.Pressure gradient is the pay heed commit of a liquid through a smirche. This is directly proportionate to the difference between the pressures at the two ends of the pipe and inversely proportional to the pips resistance. The pressure gradient is directly dependent upon kindred watercraft universal gas constant which essentially controls business line cling. The bigger the smear watercraft radius, the more rent light or fluid flow. The littler subscriber line vessel radius, the lesson agate line or fluid flow.2. Explain the set up that the flow tube radius dislodge had on flow rate. How well did the results match with your prediction?Flow tube radius change has a direct nitty-gritty on flow rate. As evidenced in this lab, when flow tube radius was change magnituded, the flow rate was also amplify. They are directly proportional. As evidenced from the text, when flow tube radius increases in a blood vessel, the flow rate is much more free flowing and flows a lot quicker as the radius is increase. When scratch with 1.5mm of radius, the flow was very slow, yet when increased to 2mm, 3mm, and eventually to 5mm, the flow within the blood vessel incrementally increased.3. give away the effect that radius changes learn on the stratified flow of a fluid.Laminar Flow is defined as the free-flowing blood in the middle of the vessel. Radius change is directly proportional on laminar flow. In a constricted vessel, proportionately more blood is in contact with the vessel wall and there is less laminar flow, signifi enkindletly fall the rate of blood flow in the vessel, yet if the vessel is more dilated, or the radius is increased, more blood flow is able to get in, hence increase the bloodflow. The bigger the radius, the more laminar flow of fluid.4. Why do you think the piece was not linear? (Hint look at the alliance of the variables in the equation). How we ll did the results compare with your prediction?If the variables are radius on the X-axis and flow rate on the Y-axis, the experiment called for the experimenter to incrementally increase the radius and plot the results. As we know, radius is directly proportional to flow rate in that as the radius increases so does the flow rate, therefore, the plotted graph has to be linear. If one increases, so does the other going in a straight lineActivity 2 Questions1. Describe the components in the blood that affect viscousness?The components in the blood that affect viscosity are the presences of plasma proteins and formed elements such as white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets. When these formed elements and plasma proteins in the blood slide past one another, there is an increase in the resistance to flow.2. Explain the effect that the viscosity change had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction?Viscosity is defined as the thickness or stickiness of a fluid. In regards to flow rate, they are inversely comparable and and then as you increase viscosity or the thickness of the blood, the flow rate lights. As seen in the graph, increasing the viscosity inversely decreases the flow rate each time you increased it by 1.3. Describe the graph of flow versus viscosity.As evidenced in the graph, the constants in this experiment were radius, continuance, and pressure. The variables were flow rate and viscosity. The y axis represented flow rate and the x axis represented viscosity. As viscosity increased, the flow rate decreased causing a linear or inverse crape relationship going down.4. Discuss the effect that polycythemia would have on viscosity and on blood flow.Polycythemia is a condition in which excess red blood cells are present. We learned earlier that an increase in red blood cells results in an increase in blood viscosity. An increase in blood viscosity directly affects blood flow, in that blood fl ow would decrease. Thus, the presence of polycythemia would inversely affect blood flow rate by decreasing it.Activity 3 Questions1. Which is more likely to occur, a change in blood vessel radius or a change in blood vessel length?A change in blood vessel radius is more like to occur because blood vessel length only increases as we sustain into maturity and in adulthood blood vessel lengths stay constant. The only possibility of blood vessel length changing is when we gain or drop weight. Through the process of vasodilation, or the smoothing of the blood vessel muscle, you can change the radius of the vessel more frequently.2. Explain the effect that the change in blood vessel length had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction?Blood vessel length, when increased causes more clangor or resistance thus making it more difficult for blood to flow through the vessel. In summation, increasing blood vessel length inversely effects flow rate but decreasing flo w rate. My prediction was that an increase in blood vessel length would inversely effect blood flow. As evidenced in this experiment, with the increase of the blood vessel length, there was a decrease in blood flow.3. Explain why you think blood vessel radius can have a larger effect on the body that changes in blood vessel length.In the blood flow equation (as seen to the right), blood flow is directly proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius. Dramatic changes happen in regards to blood flow because of small changes in blood vessel radius. The smaller the blood vessel radius, the greater the resistance. Blood vessel radius is the single most important factor in determining blood flow resistance.4. Describe the effect that obesity would have on blood flow and why.As referenced from this experiment, weight, either gain or loss effects blood vessel length. A change in blood vessel length can only be altered through the gain or loss of weight. As evidenced in this experiment, when blood vessel length is increased as a result of weight gain, there is greater resistance or friction within the vessel making blood flow through that vessel more difficult thus decreasing blood flow. Obesity varied effect blood flow in that, there are increased blood vessel lengths, causing greater friction or resistance within the vessel and a decrease in blood flow.Activity 4 Questions1. Explain the effect that pressure changes had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction.Pressure changes have a profound effect on flow rate. As pressure increases, flow rate also increases. They are directly proportional. In regards to my prediction, I predicted that as pressure increased, so would flow rate.2. How does the plot differ from the plots for tube radius, viscosity, and tube length? How well did the results compare with your prediction.The plot for pressure in linear in that, an increase in pressure is directly proportional to flow rate. It was a perfect ly straight line upwards as pressure increased. In regards to the plot for tube radius, it was very similar in that results were more curve shaped but went in the same directly upward. As vessel radius increased so did flow rate. In regards to viscosity, they were drastically different, as viscosity increased, the rate of flow decreased because there was more resistance. In regards to tube length, this is drastically different than pressure because with an increase in tube length, there is a decrease in rate of flow because there is more resistance within the vessel itself. After learning that vessel radius is the greatest factor in regards to flow rate, I predicted that with an increase in pressure there would also be an increase in flow rate.3. Explain why pressure changes are not the best way to control blood flow.Pressure changes are not the best way to control blood flow because it could place more stress on the nerve centre (which causes the initial pressure) and requires the emotional state to change its force of contraction. The blood vessels need time to respond to that change in force as well as the large arteries around the heart. It required for them to have more weave in their tunics to accommodate the heart and its increase of force. Plus, the best way to control blood flow, as seen from these experiments is through increasing vessel radius.4. Use you selective information to calculate the increase in flow rate in ml/min/mm Hg.In this experiment, radius, viscosity, and length remained constant, and pressure and flow rate were the variables. I started off with a pressure of 25 mm Hg and the flow rate was 35mm/min. As I increase the pressure by 25 mm Hg each time, the flow rate increased by about 35 mm/min each time.Activity 5 Questions1. Explain the effect of increasing the right flow tube radius on the flow rate, resistance, and pump rate. change magnitude the right flow tube radius is directly proportional to increasing flow rate. As evidence d in other experiments, increasing tube radius decreases resistance thus increasing flow rate. In addition, as the right flow tube radius increased, so did the pump rate. Each time that I increased the right flow tube radius by .5mm, the pump rate increased as did the flow rate because of the decrease in resistance.2. Describe what the left and right beakers in the experiment correspond to in the human heart.The left beaker represents the side of the heart where blood is pumped through the lungs to the opposite side of the heart. The right beaker represents the side of the heart that delivers blood to the system of the body.3. briefly describe how the human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to maintain blood pressure. The human heart compensates for flow rate changes by altering heart rate, stroke al-Quran or resistance. If resistance decreases, heart rate can increase to maintain the pressure difference. If resistance is decreasing, there is an increase in flow rate.Ac tivity 6 Questions1. Describe the Frank-Starling law in the heart.The Frank-Starling law in the heart refers to when more than the normal volume of blood is returned to the heart by the venous system. In this process, the heart is stretched which results in a more forceful contraction of the ventricles. This causes more than normal amounts of blood to be ejected by the heart which raises stroke volume.2. Explain what happened to the pump rate when you increased the stroke volume. Why do you think this occurred? How well did the results compare with your prediction?When you increase the stroke volume, there is an inverse decrease in pump rate, even though there is a constant amount of flow that results. This is directly the opposite of my predictions, yet I learned that the resolve why pump rate decreases when stroke volume increases is because the heart intrinsically alters stroke volume to accommodate changes in preload or during the period where the ventricles are stretched by th e end diastolic volume. Stroke volume is also controlled by the strength and force of contractility of the heart.3. Describe how the heart alters stroke volume?The heart alters stroke volume by altering the pump volume or the contractility. By altering the contractility, you are altering the strength of the cardiac muscle contraction and its ability to deliver force.4. Describe the intrinsic factors that control stroke volume.The intrinsic factors that control stroke volume are heart rate and cardiac output. Total blood flow is proportional to cardiac output. Thus, when the stroke volume decreases, the heart rate music increase to maintain cardiac output. Yet, when stroke volume increases, the heart rate mustiness decrease to maintain cardiac output.Activity 7 Questions1. Explain how the heart could compensate for changes in circumferential resistance.The heart can compensate for changes in peripheral resistance by decreasing blood viscosity and through adjusting the force of con traction of the heart. Increasing contractility or forcing contraction of the heart combats afterload and blood flow resistance. Increasing contractility will increase cardiac output by increasing stroke volume.2. Which mechanism had the greatest compensatory effect? How well did the results compare with your prediction?My prediction was that increasing the left flow tube radius would have the greatest impact in regards to blood flow into the right tube, but adjusting the force of contraction of the heart had the greatest compensatory effect on the flow of blood into the right beaker.3. Explain what happened when the pump pressure and the beaker pressure were the same. How well did the results compare with your prediction?When the pump pressure and the beaker pressure were the same, the valve would not open because there was insufficient driving pressure to force fluid out of the pump. This was adverse to my prediction, where I predicted that there would be an increase of flow, but I was incorrect, in that nothing happened and there was no flow.4. Explain whether it would be better to adjust heart rate or blood vessel diameter to achieve blood flow changes at a local level.I think that it would be better to adjust heart rate in order to achieve blood flow changes at a local level. Although the text and experiments have demonstrated that it is more effective to increase blood vessel diameter in order to increase the rate of flow within blood vessels, I think that exercise increases your heart rate which is directly link up to an increase in blood flow.

Concord Bookshop Organizational Change Essay

Todays brasss are facing many challenges such as threats of inflation, deflation, and recession resulting worsening the sparing of the United States. consort to Borkowski (2005) and Spector (2010), they state that the economy worldwide is very difficult nowadays beca theatrical role many internal and external forces. One of the best seller bookshop, the take bookstall, lost control over the mart because of huge losses. To stay open to business the company postulate a deepen. The company hired a modernistic president to help the company to entertain finances and funcionality, but employees had tremendous resistance to the change. The company made a drastic plan to change employees behaviors to improve bussines, but owners of the bookshop did non use effective instruction execution for the change process. On the other hand, workers at moderate increased resistance to the change process because owners did have neither communication nor cellular inclusion of changes instead, they increase their fear and uncertainty of the employees. Adding more, the owners failed to use effective redesign, mutual engagement, and shared diagnosis (Spector, 2010). This paper will define the phases in the organisational change process, including phases not completed or implemented at the concord Bookshop leading the administration to fail.Assessment of ForcesThe Concord Bookshop had been on the market for 64 years, it was wizard of the best independent stores in New England, but they went off business because their profits were tightened. Other bookstores such Amazon Barnes and Nobel increased their finances because they made changes jibe to the inquires of new technologies and customers expectations. The progressions of these bookstores were implemented by redesigning their business so their earnings went higher. The Concord Bookshop had a particular characteristic to attract customers, according to Joanne Arnaud, film director of the Boston Literacy Fund and a Conc ord resident, she signed the letter What make the Concord Bookshop different are the people and their institutional retention and their memory for a customer, they are so warm and welcoming (Spector, 2010, p. 2).The organization needed a good strategic plan to maintain business open. The company needed a change, but they made a drastic plan that employees had strong resistance to the change. Owners failed to communicate the employees the shared diagnosis, the severity of the problem, and they did not use effective implementation for the change process. This happening made workers feel devaluated they stated that something on their lives were lost. Adding more, the owners failed to use effective redesign and change process, mutual engagement, and shared diagnosis (Spector, 2010). strategical reactivityAccording to Spector (2010), the president of Concord Morgan Smiths attempted to bring fiscal discipline to the Concord Bookshop facing sensitive realities. Owners, employees, custome rs, and suppliers approved the confide of maintaining the stores viability. In addition, Smiths approach and the actions taken by leaders created resistance of the employees because they did not do the correct strategy to crystallize the company losses, also they did not implemented the plan at that placefore, these errors led to resistance, conflict, and resentment. Identifying the need for change is vital first, it is required to do an assessment on the organization, employees, finances, and structure. Implementation is essential however, it is necessary to do a deep recognition for effectiveness of strategic response.The main forces that make organizations to change are external, industry environments, and new operating requirements generated from these environments for example, new technology available, new trends of selling on the Internet, and more. Todays organizations are facing many challenges for example, trade, and industry insecurity, wars, and terrorism weaken the e conomy globally. External forces demand in general weakening the economy of the United States. One of the major external forces affecting businesses is the increased use of technology and the availability of the Internet (Borkowski, 2005) (Spector, 2010). According to Spector (2010), strategic renewing requires organizational change, Concord Bookshop needed to move from a traditional and conservative store for British shoppers to Internet buyers.The strategy for renewal of business, leaders need to align internal processes, structures, and systems in accordance with demands of the market system. For example, New organizational capabilities, talents and skills possessed by employees need to be built (Spector, 2010, p. 5). Managers need to discontinue old behaviors on employees by selecting new approach, in which employees feel comfortable and secure to accept the change. Consequently, workers needed new orientation on-the-job, new tasks, and responsibilities to envision the viabil ity of the company as healthful as employment. The goal of any organization is to create lasting modification in patterns of employees behaviors to support strategic renewal.Concord Bookshop Strategic Renewal was not implemented* Strategic renewal requires organizational change in the case of Concord business was not implemented. Strategic renewal demands, Wide-scale invention, reinvention, and redesign of business processes and organizational structures require organizational change. The leaders in charge of the organization did not do renewal demands. According to Spector (2010), Concord closed after 64 years on business making many people unemployed, they felt depressed and devaluated for the store situation.Mistakes found in the organization were the following employers did not complete mutual engagement and shared diagnosis, they did not restructure leadership adequately, and they failed to diagnose the pattern of behavior within a crystallise leadership team (Spector, 2010). The conflict put pressure on the store when independent booksellers are staggering from competition and the Internet. * Phases of the Organizational Change Process not Completed or Implemented at the Concord Bookshop that Led the Change Failure turnroundTurnaround is a technique that focuses on processes for improvement. Turnaround addresses finances of the balance sheet enhancement and technology. Concord did not complete turnaround well instead, there was not salaries deducted, and employees did not lose their job immediately. Adding to this, there was misunderstandings and fears to employees these reasons put the company on fire. Smith on the other hand, did not focus on new behaviors, turnaround looks at the companys assets seeking manage finances to stabilize the cash flow Smith did not manage well finances of the company. According to Mark (2007), employees did not receive efforts to change with pleasure. In the process of implementation, some resistance from employees comes f rom different internal sources also resistance comes from external sources. Workers at Concord had increased resistance to the change process.Techniques and ToolsTechniques and tools is a non-behavioral phase of change process. Concord failed to change this technique by not using organizational processes, mechanics, and other interactions intended to produce a product or service. For example, in 2007, Netflix started a new technique for improving customer service by substituting hundreds of telephone call centers for e-mail based response system. They birth money, and created new employment call center representatives were added to payroll. For instance, Concord could have done this technique and turn to different customer service system. This system could fit well for Concord Bookshop to attract new customers to stay alive on business (Spector, 2010).OutsourcingOutsourcing is a change technique, this tools implements the turnaround and transformational behavior change (e.g., cost- saving) implications (Spector, 2010). Organizations find outsourcing a very important strategy because 1. Outsourcing saves money by transferring jobs to lower-paid workers. 2. Outsourcing enables companies to concentrate on core competencies. 3. Outsourcing offers a hedge against shifting technologies and customer preferences by lowering strict costs and building flexibility (Spector, 2010, p. 16)Smiths approach crated a conflict, resistance, and resentment. The organization needed to change to respond to the external demands. Concord leaders did not communicate the change well as they should so employees would understand and change behaviors. The organization needed to change the demands of the customers adapting the business to sell according to the new technology for example, the new mode of communication was the Internet. Therefore, by the time they wanted to fix it was already late. Smith did not do outsourcing well because he did not aline the behaviors of the employees wit h company strategy and customer expectation.Trigger Events and ChangeAccording to Spector (2010), Organizational change is typically initiated in response to a trigger suit. Spector (2010), states that Trigger event is a shift in the environment that precipitates a need for altered strategies and new patterns of employee behavior. For the Concord Bookshop, the increasing penetration of online booksellers into the stores market lay triggered the requirement for strategic renewal (Spector, 2010, p. 18). Trigger events are external or internal to an organization. Trigger events help to precipitate the need to alter behavioral patterns of employees. Concord Bookshop faced external trigger events. Trigger events may come from inside the organization for example, when the organization hires a new leader. According to Spector (2010), she says Jack Welch was promoted to chief executive officer of General Electric (GE) in 1981, the company was enjoying decades of prosperity and success (S pector, 2010, p. 18).This is an example of internal source of trigger event Spector (2010), said Virtually from the outset, in a quest for transformational change (Spector, 2010, p. 18). Trigger events are so crucial for their magnitude and potential personal impact. They set into motion a series of mental alterations as individuals struggle to understand a situation. According to Spector (2010), trigger events have a nature to umbalance established routines and evoke conscious thought on the part of organizational members. It makes peoples emotions to react to a change. In short, according to Spector (2010), states Trigger events bring peoples mindsets into the arena of change (Spector, 2010, p. 18)ConclusionThe Concord Bookshop downsizing was terrible, the owners of the bookshop made changes to their organization without using an effective change process and implementation. The result of their approach was the resistance of the change from people in the organization. The organizat ion made a numerous mistakes on not communicating to employees the severity of the problem. The owners of the bookshop recognized that the trigger event for the need for change was to recover financial profit. However, they did not involve the rest of the staff when this problem aroused. If they did a complete shared diagnosis level, the issue would be solved properly. Last, the owners failed to move and redesign stage of the effective change process. The owners needed to redesign the roles and responsibilities, and involve the employees on planning solutions, so changes will be accepted more easily (Borkowski, 2005) (Spector, 2010).ReferencesBorkowski, N. (2005). Organizational air in Health Care, 1e. Miami, Florida Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Mark H. (2007). The tools and techniques of change management, Journal of change management Vol 7 p37-49 http//www.scribd.com/doc/78216618/Spector-2e-Instructors-Manual Spector, B. (2010). Implementing Organizational Change. Theory into Practice, Second Edition. USA Pearson Education. Rosen, J. (2011). Bookstores and Bloggers. Publishers Weekly, 228(20), 20. interpreted from EBSCO September 252012.

Porter’s 5 Forces Essay

The cast of the basketball team agonistic Forces was developed by Michael E. door concorder in his record book Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitorsin 1980. Since that time it has become an big tool for analyzing an placements constancy structure in strategic processes.Porters model is based up on the insight that a corporal strategy should meet the opportunities and curses in the organizations external environment. Competitive strategy should be developed based upon calculate of the available information on the developing combative environment and other threats faced .Porter was able to nominate five competitive forces that that shapes the different labor and marketplace. Porter five forces do was able to interpret the posture of the competition and as well the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The corporate strategy is devised to improve the position of the respective industry in at that place market position as well as in brand form. Porters model provides the analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the information derived from the Five Forces abridgment, instruction goat decide on how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry.The Five Competitive ForcesThe Five Competitive Forces ar typically described as follows1 Bargaining Power of SuppliersSuppliers comprises of all the sources for inputs that be needed in order to provide/ crap goods or operate. Supplier bargaining might is probable to be high when1. The market is dominated by a few tumid suppliers rather than a fragmented source of supply,2. There atomic number 18 no substitutes for the particular input,3. The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining provide is low,4. The switching be from one supplier to another are high,5. There is the possibility of the supplier integration forwards in order to obtain higher prices and margins. This threat is especially high when6. The buying industry has a higher profitability than the supply industry,7. Forward integration provides economies of scale for the supplier,8. The buying industry hinders the render industry in their development (e.g. reluctance to accept new releases of intersection points),9. The buying industry has low barriers to opening.In these situations, the buying industry does face a high pressure on margins from their suppliers. The relationship to powerful suppliers dissolve enormously reduce strategic options for the organization.2 Bargaining Power of CustomersSimilarly, the bargaining power of customers places how ofttimes customers can influence pressure on margins and volumes. Customers bargaining power is alike(p)ly to be high when1. They buy tumescent volumes, there is a concentration of buyers,2. The supplying industry comprises a large number of small operators3. The supplying industry operates with high fixed costs,4. The harvest-tide is undifferentiated and ca n be replaces by substitutes,5. Switching to an choice product is relatively simple and is not related to high costs,6. Customers have low margins and are price-sensitive,7. Customers could produce the product themselves,8. The product is not of strategically importance for the customer,9. The customer knows about the production costs of the product 10. There is the possibility for the customer integrating backwards. 3 Threat of New EntrantsIf the competition in an industry is higher, the easier it is for other companies to enter this industry. In such situations, new entrants could create major determinants of the market environment (e.g. market shares,prices, customer inscription) at any time. There is al paths pressure for reaction and adjustment for existing players in the industry. The threat of new entries will depend on the extent to which there are barriers to entry. These are typically1. Economies of scale (minimum size requirements for profitable operations),2. senior hig h school initial investments and fixed costs,3. Cost advantages of existing players due to roll in the hay curve effects of operation with fully depreciated assets,4. Brand loyalty of customers5. Protected intellectual property like patents, licenses etc,6. Scarcity of important resources, e.g. qualified expert staff7. Access to raw materials is controlled by existing players,8. dispersal channels are controlled by existing players,9. Existing players have close customer relations, e.g. from long-term service contracts,10. High switching costs for customers11. Legislation and g everywherenment action4 Threat of SubstitutesA threat from substitutes exists if there is an alternative product with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. This could attract a strong proportion of market volume and hence reduce the sales volume for existing players. This category also relates to complementary products. Similarly to the threat of new entrants, the treat of sub stitutes is determined by factors like1. Brand loyalty of customers,2. Close customer relationships,3. Switching costs for customers,4. The relative price for performance of substitutes,5. Current paths.5 Competitive Rivalry between Existing Players This force describes the intensity of competition between existing players (companies) in an industry. High competitive pressure results in pressure on pricing, margins, and also, on profitability for every single family in the industry. Competition between existing players is likely to be high when1. There are close to(prenominal) players of about the same size,2. Players have similar strategies3. There is not much differentiation between players and their products, hence, there is much price competition4. Low market growth rates (growth of a particular affectionate club is possible only at the expense of a competitor),5. Barriers for exit are high (e.g. expensive and exceedingly specialized equipment).Use of the Information from Five Forces AnalysisFive Forces Analysis can provide worthful information for three aspects of corporate planningStatistical AnalysisThe Five Forces Analysis allows the user to determine the attractiveness of an industry. Also, it provides visibility on profitability. Thus, it helps to decide about the entry or exit from an industry or a market segment. Moreover, the model can be used to compare the rival of competitive forces on the make organization with their match on competitors. Competitors may have different options to react to changes in competitive forces from their different resources and competences. This may influence the structure of the whole industry.Dynamical AnalysisIf done along with a PEST-Analysis, which provides the drivers for change in an industry, Five Forces Analysis can help to give insights on the potential future attractiveness of the industry. Expected political, economical, socio-demographical and technological changes can influence the five competi tive forces and thus have impact on industry structures. In general term to determine potential changes in competitive forces.Analysis of OptionsWith this knowledge on intensity and power of competitive forces, organizations could develop options to control them in a way so to improvetheir own competitive position. The result could be a new strategic decision, e.g. a new positioning, differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships.Thus, Porters model of Five Competitive Forces gives a systematic and structured analysis on market and their structure and what likely be competitive situation. The model can be used on particular companies, market segments, industries or regions. Hence, it is needed to determine the scope of the market to be analyzed in a first step. Then, all relevant forces for this market are identified and analyzed. Though, it is not necessary to analyze all elements of all competitive forces with the same depth.The Five Forces Model is based on m icroeconomics. It also takes into account the supply and demand, complementary products and substitutes, the relationship between volume of production and cost of production, and market structures like monopoly, oligopoly or perfect competition etc.Influencing the Power of Five ForcesAfter the analysis of ongoing and potential future state of the five competitive forces, Users can search for options on how these forces influences in their organizations interest. Although industry-specific business models will limit options, the own strategy can create different impact of competitive forces on organizations. The objective is to reduce the influence of competitive forces.The avocation figure provides some examples. They are of general nature. Hence, they have to be adjusted to each organizations specific situation. The options of an organization are determined not only by the external market environment, but also by its own internal resources, competences and objectives.4.1 simplifi cation the Bargaining Power of Suppliers 4.2 Reducing the Bargaining Power of Customers1. Partnering2. Supply chain attention3. Supply chain training4. Increase dependency5. Build knowledge of supplier costs and methods6. harbor over a supplier1. Partnering2. Supply chain management3. Increase loyalty4. Increase incentives and appreciate added5. Move purchase decision away from price6. Cut put powerful intermediaries (go directly to customer)4.3 Reducing the Treat of New Entrants4.4 Reducing the Threat of Substitutes1. Increase minimum efficient scales of operations2. Create a marketing / brand image (loyalty as a barrier)3. Patents, protection of intellectual property4. Alliances with linked products / services5. Tie up with suppliers6. Tie up with distributors7. Retaliation tactics1. Legal actions2. Increase switching costs3. Alliances4. Customer surveys to learn about their preferences5. Enter substitute market and influence from within6. Accentuate differences (real or percei ved)DrawbacksPorters model of Five Competitive Forces has been subject of critique for some(prenominal) years. Its main failing results from which year it was developed. In the early eighties, the global economy. was characterized by cyclical growth Thus, primary objectives consisted of profitability and survival. A major prerequisite for achieving these objectives has been optimizing strategy in relation to the external environment. In early days, developmentin most industries has been fairly stable and call inable, compared with todays alive(p)s. In general, the importantness of this model is reduced by the following factorsa. In the economic sense, the model assumes a classic perfect market. The more an industry is regulated, the less meaningful insights the model can deliver. b. The model is best applicable for analysis of simple market structures. A extensive description and analysis of all five forces gets very difficult in complex industries with multiple interrelations , product groups, by-products and segments. A too narrow focus on particular segments of such industries, however, bears the risk of missing important elements. c. The model assumes relatively static market structures. This is hardly the case in todays dynamic markets. Technological breakthroughs and dynamic market entrants from start-ups or other industries may completely change business models, entry barriers and relationships along the supply chain within short times.The Five Forces model may have some use for later analysis of the new situation but it will hardly provide much meaningful advice for preventive actions. d. The model is based on the idea of competition. It assumes that companies try to achieve competitive advantages over other players in the markets as well as over suppliers or customers. With this focus, it dos not real take into consideration strategies like strategic alliances, electronic linking of information systems of all companies along a mensurate chain, virtual enterprise-networks or others.Overall, Porters Five Forces Model still has some major limitations in todays market environment. It is not able to take into account new business models and the dynamics of markets. The value of Porters model is more that it enables managers to think about the current situation of their industry in a structured, easy-to-understand way as a starting point for further analysis.Case Analysis FacebookFacebook (formerly thefacebook) is an online social networking service headquartered in Menlo Park, California. Its discern comes from a colloquialism for the directory given to students at some Americanuniversities. Facebook was founded on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and familiar Harvard University studentsEduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. The founders had initially limited the netsites membership to Harvard students, but later expanded it to colleges in the Boston area, the c ommon ivy League, andStanford University. It gradually added support for students at various other universities and later to their high-school studentsPorters Five Force analysis on Facebook1. The Power of ConsumerHere customers are those company which are advertising in facebook. Being a large social network , it attracts a large number of advertisers who want to advertise in the platform. Hence, , the bargaining power of customer is low. , in later years if there is a new competion emergence power isotropy can vary. 2. The power of supplierUsers are the suppliers,As of 2012 report the users numbers are more than 1 one thousand thousand globally. the power of suppliers is low. Here the suppliers have no other customer , that is there is no other availiable social sites hence they have to stand by facebook for the time beingness. 3. The threat of substitute productsThere are many upcoming products which is providing servie similar to that of facebook. Products such as Skype, What sApp, Google+, etc. are of all time a danger being substitutes for Facebook. Hence, the threat of substitute product is high. To maintain dominance, they always have to stay ahead of the tech ,also the trend and outperform possible substitute products.4. The threat of new entrantsThe chance of new entray is high. There are always disruptive innovations happening in the social space. As a result new similar products keep creeping. Facebook especially needs to improve its product 5. The competitive rivalryThe field of social network is exceedingly competitive. The most recent example was when Google launched social network Google+ that could be accessed by all Gmail users through the web as well as Android devices. Although Google+ has not been greatly successful in outwitting Facebook, we cannot rightly predict what lies ahead in future. Hence, the competitive rivalry that Facebook faces is high.REFERENCEShttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp//www.slideshare.net/manan/firm-strate gy-analysis-facebook http//www.businessballs.com/portersfiveforcesofcompetition.htm

New Hire Communication Essay

Welcome to Apple, as a new claim I would like to introduce you to our political party culture and our process. As the new manager at Apple, youre expected to follow our rules and regulations and train new employees according to the regulations enforced by the accomp some(prenominal).Company CultureAt Apple, we are innovative, futuristic, high-tech, and terminated to reach our business goal of $10,000 sales per week. Our high-tech overlaps are unique from cell yells, laptops, watches, and robo-pets. Our company is unique because we eitherow our employees to be creative and productive, we give them an opportunity to flourish with the company. Company Process Our Company Process to reach our sales goal of $10,000 per week is to have 90% close ratio. We have the nearly top selling products for the past three quarters, its important that we keep our numbers up and assume our customers what they like about our products and what else would other products that they would be interest ed in purchasing. Once finalizing a sale the customer is to receive a coupon book of various other products that we sell with the company. All sales are documented in our systems and a second receipt is kept within the register.Company ProceduresDepending on the product the customer purchased, at Apple we show the customer how to use their device and to maintain it for a unyielding life span. For instance, if the customer purchases an Iphone we show them how tooperate the device and downloads any apps they may be interested in and show them how to setup their emails, contacts, and etc. We show knobs how to search and download apps that help them maintain their lifestyle. We help the lymph node login in to their emails so they have them on hand without the use of a computer.If the customer had another phone we help them retrieve their contacts without the hassle of reentry. The iphone also comes with Siri who helps the user navigate through the phone or any question the researcher may have. Siri can call your contact, research information, and even offer the client a weather update. As our new manager at Apple, you are expected to follow our procedures and regulations and train all new employees to do the same. Our company is innovative and unique we offer our clients the best products available to them and build client relationships for future business with them.

Monopoly as a source of market failure Essay

Abtsr meet. Environmental problems excessively occur when one of the participants in an exchange of property rights is able to rub d ingest up an inordinate amount of agency everyplace the out make do. This brook occur, for ex adeninele, when a yield is sold by a single seller, or monopoly. A unshakable that has no competitors in its industry is called a monopoly. Monopolies argon not all evil. Neither be they utterly superb. Monopolies atomic number 18 much maligned be ca-ca their profit incentive antecedes them to raise termss and get off issue in grade to squeeze much money out of consumers.As a resolving power, governments typically go out of their way to break up monopolies and replace them with agonistical industries that generate lower prices and full(prenominal)er(prenominal) output. Our study examines Arcelor-Mittal the un viewled growth of this steel giant often at the expense of peoples health in a rapidly globalizing worldly concern has stipulation people all around the world common cause for resistance. We obligate focused on Arcelor-Mittal Temirtau Kazakhstan which as we think is the best example of monopoly of commercialise failure.Our paper work on Monopoly as a informant of market failure explores global steel giants environmental and social impacts in 2008-2009 that abide emerged from the Environmental&Natural Resource political preservation.First, we provide the reason germinatement about the theory of instinctive monopoly as a source of market failure. Then we army the certain case of such monopoly ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan. Our research analysis is divided to ii parts fend forground information and social&environmental impacts of global steel giants work in our homeland. Considering the location and the current conditions of Arcelor-Mittal we then provide chase solutions to the alliance that take up to be weaponed in order to enable it to overcome and or delineate the strength proble ms in the foresseable future.This topic is very crucial and germane(predicate) not just still for our country to be mentioned and finally to be solved only when also for the whole world as Arcelor-Mittal is operating worldwide. However it still neither has learnn into account the earnestness of the problems that it has induced to the environment nor all of the responsibility. Introduction The rise of a steel giant. We are all shareowners, possibly not in the corporation, besides 1 / 13 indeed in our environments, and shareholders of corporations such as ArcelorMittal fatality to be aware of this originality.Company shareholders are often blinded by the g outlety reports, company greenwash and figures expound rising profits. This paper work seeks to create a new awareness amongst ArcelorMittals shareholders, and calls on them to act on the evidence displayed. Many perceive the rise of Mittal brand now ArcelorMittal from a small mess about to a global steel giant as one of the great wonders of the business world. The success of the company has coincided with the exploitation of weaker case laws and political wrangling. In the last three decades Mittal has bought up old, run-down state-owned steel factories in places homogeneous Trinidad, Mexico, Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, southeastward Africa and Algeria.The represent of Mittal Steels success has largely been paid by the communities living and working near the companys plants. Mittal Steel has a global reputation for prioritising productiveness over the environment, communities and fair labour practices in countries where it operates steel mills, such as Romania, Poland, Czech Republic South Africa, Kazakhstan and the United States, in spite of frequent company statements about its attention to and investment in these areas. No spaciouser crapper they be uninformed shareholders reaping annual profits.They need to accept responsibility for the negative impacts their investments have on peoples lives along with accepting the profits they reap on their shares. It is critical to understand that the local injustices presented in the report will not just go away. They need careful deliberation and shareholder resolutions for ethical investment that calls for modifyd operations on the ground in order to deliver environmental justice to local people. Economic monopolies have lasted throughout much of human history. In ancient and medieval times dire scarcity of resources was common and affected the lives of closely human beings.When resources are extremely scarce, pocket-sized room live ons for a multiplicity of producers for many products and military service of processs. Monopoly is a well-defined market structure where there is just now one seller who controls the spotless market tack, as there are no cockeyed substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the launch of rival producers. However in this dynamically changing world there is no s uch situation where the commodity does not have a substitute. So for a monopoly to be effective there must be no practical substitutes for the product or service sold, and no serious threat of the admission of a competitor into the market. This enables the seller ( monopoliser) to control the price.The bound monopoliser is derived from the Greek word mono, meaning single, and polist meaning seller. Thus the monopolist whitethorn be defined as the sole seller of a product which has no close substitutes. At the beginning we state the background information about the theory of inwrought monopoly as a source of market failure. Then we show the certain case of such monopoly ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan.Our research analysis is divided to two parts background information and social&environmental impacts of global steel giants work in our homeland. Considering the situation and the current conditions of Arcelor-Mittal we then provide following solutions to the company that h ave to be implemented in order to enable it to overcome and or limit the potential problems in the foresseable future. The system of Natural Monopoly. Market failure occurs when resources are misallocated, or allocated in cost-effectively. There are five important sources of market failure, each of which results from the failure of one of the assumptions basic to the perfectly competitive model.Each also points to a potential role for government in the economy. One of the causes of market failure is imperfect competition, particularly monopolies. An imperfectly competitive market is one where the assumption of many buyers and sellers does not hold. These types of market organizations include monopoly, monopsony, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. The operations of monopoly or intrinsic monopoly often result in misuse of market power and inefficient allocation of resources, which condense community welfare. For this reason, governments generally puzzle monopoly and en essen ce laws preventing cartels.This type is a major rationale for a schoolwide competition policy. A monopoly is a market with one seller and many buyers. A monopoly may exist because of special 2 / 13 government regulation or because the monopolist is the sole owner of a resource ( ascribable to a patent or few otherwise reason). A monopoly has the following characteristics There is however one producer in the market They sell a single product with no close substitutes Monopolies are price admitrs. The monopolies select curve is the market demand curve therefore the rigid abide sell the product at a higher price but only if it reduces output.It has control over the price or quantity sold, but not both. There are very strong barriers to entry. This qualification include High capital hail High sunk costs. Sunk costs are those which brush offnot be recovered if the firm goes out of business, such as advertising costs the greater the sunk costs the greater the barrier. Technol ogical knowledge, when one firm acquires the technological know-how that other firms do not have Patents and copyrights, protect other firms from copying their product Government regulations and restrictionsThe monopoly can execute esurient pricing which involves dropping price very low in a demonstration of power and to put pres surely on actual or potential rivals and/or limit pricing. Limit pricing is a specific type of predatory pricing which involves a firm setting a price just below the average cost of new entrants if new entrants match this price they will make a leaving A natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is a firm that can supply a good or service to an entire market at a lower price than if there were two or to a greater extent firms. It has some similarities to a monopolist.It is an imperfect competitor, the sole producer in a market, and able to retain this positioning because of barriers to entry, such as government regulation, technological leadership or large start-up capital, It is able to restrict output in order to increase price and earn supernormal profits. However, a natural monopoly has a descending(prenominal) average cost curve (AC) over the relevant range of outputs, which results from economies of scale. Economies of scale develop in the long run, which is a period of time when all inputs are variable and the constraints imposed by diminishing returns no longer apply.The graph below shows the long run as being made up of a series of short-run periods, shown as a series of short-run AC en shown together bedeck economies of scale. Figure 1. Economies of scale. Source Senior Economics Workbook NCEA Level 3. Geoff Evans, Ben Cahill, John Rogers. Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, 2005. Chapter 10. Page 93. A natural monopoly because it is economically efficient for there to only be one supplier.The following diagram can help to illustrate just why Figure 2. A natural monopoly. Source Senior Economics Workbook NCEA Level 3. G eoff Evans, Ben Cahill, John Rogers. Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, 2005.Chapter 10. Page 109. Given the downward sloping supply curve, and ignoring the demand curve for a minute, having an equilibrium at point E1, which gives us price P1. We could assume that this is a monopoly equilibrium, where Q1 represents the entire size of the market it represents everybody who wants to buy the good. But in the case of a duopoly market, where there are two suppliers, we could assume that each seller in the market has exactly half of the market.This corresponds to the equilibrium E2 on the in a higher place diagram, which gives us quantity Q2 and price P2. We can assume the Q2 = 0. 5 x Q1, and that each of the two firms supplies Q2 of the good in question.And here a major problem arises. If we have one firm only, the marginal cost of supply is P1, which is lower than the duopoly price, P2. This core that having two firms in a market ends up with the firms having to charge a higher p rice than if only one firm existed. In this case, it is efficient, or natural, for there to only be one firm in 3 / 13 the market. This is why declining-marginal-cost industries are called natural monopolies. Because natural monopolies tend to be utilities, which are services like gas, electricity, pissing and telephones, which the public generally holds to be necessities of life, we are not comfortable allowing these firms to charge monopoly prices (i. e. , the pricing where MR = MC).Because these are staples or necessities, the demand curve for these goods is very springless it is very steep. This means that the monopolist price would be much higher than the free-market price, and a large quite a little of people would be denied basic necessities of life. Instead, we use the power of government to regulate prices in these markets. The normal bridle-path for regulation of natural monopolies is the public utilities commission. These exist at the state- take aim in the United St ates, and at the national level in many other countries.Utilities commissions are given the task of making sure that utility companies make enough money to stay in business, but not enough to enjoy monopoly profits. They make sure that everybody is served, and served well, in theory. Since utilities are monopolies that are not subject to market forces and competition, they have little pressure to be responsive to market forces, which means that they do not have to treat their customers well, because their customers do not have the ability to switch to a different supplier. The costs of monopoly Less choice.Clearly, consumers have less choice if supply is controlled by a monopolist for example, the Post Office used to be monopoly supplier of letter army and delivery services across the UK and consumers had no alternative letter collection and delivery service. High prices. Monopolies can exploit their position and charge high prices, because consumers have no alternative. This is e specially problematic if the product is a basic necessity, like water.Restricted output Monopolists can also restrict output onto the market to exploit its dominant position over a period of time, or to drive up price. Less consumer unornamented A rise in price or lower output would lead to a button of consumer surplus.Consumer surplus is the extra plunder private benefit derived by consumers when the price they pay is less than what they would be prepared to pay. Over time monopolist can gain power over the consumer, which results in an corrosion of consumer sovereignty. Asymmetric information There is asymmetric information the monopolist may know to a greater extent than the consumer and can exploit this knowledge to its own advantage. Productive inefficiency Monopolies may be productively inefficient because there are no direct competitors a monopolist has no incentive to reduce average costs to a minimum, with the result that they are likely to be productively inefficient .Allocative inefficiency Monopolies may also be allocatively inefficient it is not necessary for the monopolist to set price equal to the marginal cost of supply. In competitive markets firms are forced to take their price from the industry itself, but a monopolist can set (make) their own price. Consumers cannot compare prices for a monopolist as there are no other close suppliers. This means that price can be set well supra marginal cost.Net welfare loss Even accounting for the extra profits derived by a monopolist, which can be put back into the economy when profits are distributed to shareholders, there is a net loss of welfare to the community. Welfare loss is the loss of community benefit, in terms of consumer and producer surplus, that occurs when a market is supplied by a monopolist rather than a large number of competitive firms. 4 / 13.Monopoly welfare loss A net welfare loss refers any welfare gains less any welfare loses as a result of an economic transaction or a gover nment intervention. Using welfare analysis allows the economist to mensurate the impact of a monopoly. Less employment Monopolists may employ fewer people than in more than competitive markets.Employment is largely determined by output the more output a firm produces the more labour it will require. As output is lower for a monopolist it can also be assumed that employment will also be lower. The benefits of monopolyMonopolies can provide certain benefits, including action economies of scale As we have already mentioned above, the natural monopoly exploits economies of large scale. This means that it can produce at low cost and pass these savings on to the consumer. However, there would be little incentive to do this and the savings made might be used to increase profits or raise barriers to entry for future rivals.Dynamic efficiency Monopolists can also be dynamically efficient once saved from competition monopolies may undertake product or process innovation to derive higher profits, and in so doing become dynamically efficient. It can be argued that only firms with monopoly power will be in the position to be able to innovate effectively. Because of barriers to entry, a monopolist can protect its inventions and innovations from theft or copying. Avoidance of duplication of infrastructureThe avoidance of inefficient duplication of scarce resources if the monopolist is a natural monopoly it can be argued that competitive supply would be wasteful. Natural monopolies include gas, rail and electricity supply. A natural monopoly occurs when all or most of the available economies of scale have been derived by one firm this prevents other firms from entering the market. But having more than one firm will mean a wasteful duplication of scarce resources. Revenue Monopolists can also generate export revenue for a national economy. A single firm may gain from economies of scale in its own domestic economy and develop a cost advantage which it can exploit and se ll relatively cheaply abroad.Remedies for monopolyIf a monopolist can gain a foothold in a market it becomes very effortful for new firms to enter, with the result that the price mechanism is restricted from doing its job. Resources cannot be allocated to where they are most needed because the monopolist can erect barriers to other firms. These barriers will not naturally come down. The failure of markets to self regulate is at the heart of monopoly as a market failure. There are a number of ways in which the negative effects of monopoly power can be reduced Regulation of firms who abuse their monopoly power.This could be achieved in a number of ways, including scathe controls Setting price controls. For example, the current UK competition regulator, the Office of honorable Trading (OFT), has demonstrable a system of price capping for the previously state owned natural monopolies like gas and water. This price capping involves tying prices to just below the current general inf lation rate. The formula, RPI X, is used, where the RPI (the Retail Price Index) is the chosen index of inflation and X is a level of price reduction agreed amongst the regulator and the firm, based on expected efficiency gains.Prohibiting unifications Prohibiting unions in the UK the Competition Commission can command mergers between firms that create a combined market share of 25% or more if it believes that the merger would be against the public interest. In making their judgement, the public interest takes into account the effect of the merger on jobs, prices and the level of competition. Breaking up the monopoly Breaking up the monopoly into some(prenominal) smaller firms. For example regulators in the EU are currently 5 / 13 investigating potential abuse of market agency by Microsoft, which is under threat of being broken up into two companies one for its operating systems and the other for software.NationalisationBringing the monopoly under public control which is r eferred to as nationalisation. The ultimate remedy for an abusive monopoly is for the State to take a controlling interest in the firm by acquiring over 50% of its shares, or to take it over completely. The monopolist can still be run along commercial lines, but be made to operate as though the market were competitive. Deregulation In those cases where a monopolist is already State controlled, such as the Post Office, it may be necessary to engage in deregulation to enable it to become more efficient.Deregulation could be used to bring down barriers to entry and open up a previously state controlled industry to competition, as has happened with the British Telecom and British Rail monopolies. This may help encourage new entrants into a market. Do Monopolies Undermine The Environment? As monopoly and natural monopoly tend to have a perpetual ownership of a scarce resource, they do not only tie-up the existing scarce resources making it difficult for new entrants to exploit these reso urces, but also they often cause some environmental problems.Furthermore for many skeptics of the environmental benefits of market economies it seems that the fear of monopoly control over natural resources is one of their greatest concerns as well. The reality is actually much more complicated, because of the following 1. Most natural resource industries are not controlled by monopolies, and are in fact characterized by a high degree of competitiveness. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries are almost everywhere characterized by markets with hundreds or thousands of players, some of them big but with plenty of smaller players as well.While limited degrees of market power exist in some of these industries in some areas, on the whole they are actually some of the more competitive industries in the world. Even energy and mineral industries are fairly competitive and where they are not they are characterized by oligopoly structures, almost never a monopoly. 2. Monopolies restri ct output and raise the price of goods above their marginal costs (which leads to a loss of social welfare), which is why economists ( more often than not) consider them bad.But from an environmental perspective, they may actually be quite good since they lead to lower resource use and higher prices. For example, if crude oil was a completely competitive market the price would be lower and we would burn even more of it than if OPEC kept the price artificially high The problem the environmentalist faces is not that monopolies keep prices high and limit output (thats called conservation), but that this has a regressive effect and hurts the poor. (By the way, this is one of the biggest issues that confront environmentalists more generally, who for the most part would like to see resource prices rise. ).3. As to examples where monopolies restrict R&D or limit technological innovation, there certainly are examples of this, but in general, the profit motive is suitable to overcome th is. Bottom line the cheap prices of resources are the greatest threat to advances in efficiency and monopolies lead us in the opposite direction. 4. There are examples of what economists call natural monopolies where fixed costs are so high that only one company can be profitable providing a given service in a given region examples are water, telecommunications, and electricity (imagine if every provider of water had to build their own pipe system? ).In cases where natural monopolies arise it is much more efficient for society to grant the company limited monopoly rights and regulate them. These are often called public utilities and abound in America (PG&E is my public utility in CA). The problem with public utilities is that often the regulators force them to charge very low prices that favor consumers but again lead to increased uses of resource that is, if the monopolies were unregulated we would see lower resource use.5. Let us not forget that the biggest monopolies in the hi story of benignity are state-owned. The monopolies in the former Soviet Union were certainly the biggest ever (and the worst environmental 6 / 13 offenders the world has ever known), and even today state-run monopolies for all sorts of resources (primarily oil, gas, and telecommunications) abound. Almost without fail, they are characterized by high prices, poor service, and abysmal environmental records.6. Since competitive markets are one of the foundations of a prosperous economy, market-based societies have developed various forms of anti-trust legislation to ensure relatively high degrees of competitive in most markets. Laws regulating market share, anti-competitive pricing, etc. are commonplace in all of the advanced market systems, and have a relatively good record of success.Probably the greatest success has been in the telecommunications industry where deregulation has led to real price declines of almost 95% in telecommunications fees over the past 25 courses. (Examples o f the failure of states to break up monopolies abound in Latin America, particularly in telecom. I have written about how the Telmex in Mexico is one of the most egregious examples of robbing from the poor to give to the rich and how it is a great impediment to Mexicos economic development.What the Mexiccam telecommunications industry desperately needs is more market-based competition to break Telmexs grip, but unfortunately, due to immense corruption the average Mexican must continue to spend large shares of their meager moolah on phone calls. ) 7. Probably the biggest pro-competition policy is free trade and globalization.The greatest threats to regional and national monopolies come from trade from abroad and the innovation that trade accelerates. Contrary to popular wisdom, globalization does not increase the power of corporations over individuals, but just the reverse people can gaucherie their business to the other companies more easily as their choices increase.If you doubt this, just look at how lists of the Fortune 500 companies continually shift every few years, and even more so in this more globalized age. In summary, while economists have long ago identified the pros and cons of monopolies, how they interact with environmental outcomes is not entirely straight-forward. What is obvious is that in non market-based economies we bump the worst forms of monopoly abuse and the resulting environmental degradation. ArcelorMittal Going nowhere slowly. Background. ArcelorMittal Temirtau Kazakhstan(formerly Mittal Steel Temirtau, Ispat Karmet and Karaganda Metallurgical Plant).Arcelor Mittal Temirtau (AMT), founded in 1950, is one of the largest unified steel plants in the world. The steel plant, along with all its infrastructure facilities, captive sear, iron ore and power plant, was acquired by ArcelorMittal then Ispat from the Kazakhstan government in 1995. Located in the city of Temirtau, population 170 000, in the Karaganda realm of Central Kazakh stan, it covers about 5 000 hectares and has a steel-making readiness of about 5. 5 million tonnes per annum. AMT operates eight coal mines in the region, producing a total of 12 202 million tonnes of coal in 2007.In the same year AMTs output of rolled steel was 3. 581 million tonnes. The plant exports about 90 percent of its output, mostly to Russia, Iran and China. The towns of Temirtau and Karaganda as well as the surrounding area (about 1 million people) indirectly depend on the plant, which used to account for nearly 10 percent of Kazakhstans GDP . As of 2006 it employed 55 000 people and generated 4 percent of the countrys GDP. Figure 3. ArcelorMittal Temirtau exports the majority of its steel output but local residents pay the costs. Photo by CEE Bankwatch Network.Table 1. Mittals plant in Temirtau has received several direct and indirect loans from IFIs in the last 12 years Year1997 financial InstitutionEBRD PurposeTo restore productive capacity and improve efficiency in t he steel mill and coal mines develop value-added, higher quality steel, and to implement three environmental action plans that would improve environmental and health & safety impacts and bring the company into obligingness with World Bank environmental guidelines. AmountUSD 54 million 7 / 13 RecipientAMT (former Ispat Karmet Steel Works) Year1997 Financial InstitutionIFC.PurposeTo restore productive capacity and improve efficiency in the steel mill and coal mines develop value-added, higher quality steel, and to implement three environmental action plans that would improve environmental and health & safety impacts and bring the company into compliance with World Bank environmental guidelines. AmountUSD 132. 5 million RecipientAMT (former Ispat Karmet Steel Works) Year1999 Financial InstitutionIFC PurposeTo support the development of small and medium enterprises directly or indirectly associated with AMT and/or to support workers formerly employed by AMT and/or to provide for the growth of the private sector in the Karaganda region. AmountUSD.2. 5 million RecipientIndirect financial help to AMT through Kazkommertsbank. Year2001 Financial InstitutionIFC PurposeTo stimulate the relationship between the large collective sector (in this case AMT) and the private SME sector. AmountUSD 3. 4 million equity investments. RecipientAMT.Year2004 Financial InstitutionIFC corporate loanPurposeTo enable LNM to improve the environmental performance of its present and future subsidiaries and bring them up to World Bank Group and/or European Union standards to assist LNM in creating and maintaining an environmental and worker health and safety system on a corporate wide level, to bring all its current and future operations in compliance with WB and/or EU standards- to rehabilitate, dbottleneck and provide working capital and cash support to LNMs present and future subsidiaries.